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1、机械工程专业英语Subject-Based English for Mechanical Engineering,机械与电气工程学院,2022/11/22,教学要求及目的,了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培养学生具有比较熟练的专业文献阅读理解能力、翻译能力和英文学术论文的写作能力。掌握国外英文专利和文献资料的查询方法，能以英语为工具，获取本专业所需信息。了解国际学术交流的常用表达方式。,教学方式,课堂讲授、讨论与自学相结合。以教师讲授为主，引导学生积极阅读指定参考文献，完成课外作业，参与课堂讨论。有意识地积累与自己研究方向相关的词汇与文献资料，掌握专业英语学习方法。,教材及参考文献,
2、教材：施平 机械工程专业英语教程（第二版）北京：电子工业出版社，2008参考文献：叶邦彦，陈统坚编：机械工程英语北京：机械工业出版社，2006唐一平主编：先进制造技术北京：机械工业出版社，2004；王慧莉，贾卫国编国际学术交流英语大连：大连理工大学出版社，2005,主要教学内容,Lesson 1 Basic Concept in MechanicsLesson 2 Forces and Their EffectsLesson 3 Overview of Engineering MechanicsLesson 4 Shafts and CouplingsLesson 5 Shafts and A
3、ssociated PartsLesson 6 Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and ChainsLesson 7 Fasteners and SpringsLesson 14 Physical Properties of MaterialsLesson 29 Tolerances and Surface RoughnessLesson 35 Coordinate Measuring MachineLesson 36 Lathes,Lesson 37 Milling Machines and Grinding MachinesLesson 38 Drilling Opera
4、tionsLesson 44 Nontraditional Manufacturing ProcessesLesson 62 The Computer and ManufacturingLesson 63 Computers in Design and ManufacturingLesson 64 Computer-Aided Analysis of Mechanical SystemsLesson 65 Computer-Aided Process PlanningLesson 66 Numerical ControlLesson 71 Industrial RobotsLesson 77
5、Technical Report ElementsLesson 78 Writing the Technical ReportExtra lesson 1 English for International Academic ExchangeExtra lesson 2 Expression of Numbers, Signs, Equations and Graphs in EnglishExtra lesson 3 Professional Literature and Patent Retrieval,课外学习内容,通过学校图书馆网页上“电子资源”栏查询与自己研究方向相关的英文文献。重点
6、是“EI工程索引 （）”、“ELSEVIER （）”和“IEL（IEEE/IEE） （ieeexplore.ieee.org）”通过“小木虫”、“科学网”、“学问社区”等网站查找专业英语学习资料，学习科学研究方法。学习使用参考文献的管理软件如EndNote。通过“google学术搜索（）”和“google 专利检索（,专利检索资源荟萃（一）,新！百度专利搜索网址：http:/ http:/ 2.中国专利检索：http:/ 4.中国专利实施数据库（中国专利信息中心）：http:/ 5.专利信息服务平台试验系统（数据含中、美、日、欧、WO、德、法、英、俄、加、印、瑞士、韩国、澳大利亚）：http:
7、/ 6.中外专利数据库报务平台：http:/:8080/cnipr/index.htm 7.中国专利数据库检索系统：http:/,专利检索资源荟萃（二）,8.美国专利检索：http:/www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html 9.欧洲专利检索：http:/ 10.从ESPACENET数据库提取世界各国专利文献的方法（国知局提供）：http:/ 11.欧洲专利局免费专利数据库（含欧洲各国家入口）：http:/ 12.欧洲专利局专利数据高级检索（含欧洲、PCT和世界范围三个数据库）：http:/ 13.欧洲专利法律状态查询：http:/www.epoline.org/porta
8、l/public/registerplus 14.PCT专利检索：http:/www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/ 15.英国专利检索：http:/www.ipo.gov.uk/search/index.htm,专利检索资源荟萃（三）,16英国专利法律状态查询：http:/www.ipo.gov.uk/patent/p-find/p-find-number.htm 17.德国专利检索1：http:/www.deutsches-patentamt.de/suche/patentdatenbanken.html 18德国专利检索2：http:/publikationen.dpma.de/s
9、et_lng.do?loc=en 19.瑞士专利检索：https:/client.ip-search.ch/?c=login&a=client&l=1 20.俄罗斯专利检索（英文）：http:/www.fips.ru/ensite/ 21.台湾专利检索：http:/www.patent.org.tw/ 22. 韩国专利检索（英文）：http:/eng.kipris.or.kr 23. 加拿大专利检索：http:/patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html 24. 法国专利检索：http:/www.boutique.inpi.fr/inpiboutic/index_anglai
10、s.htm 25. 印度同族专利库（多国、多组织）：http:/patinfo.nic.in/,专利检索资源荟萃（四）,26. 印度专利数据库：http:/www.indianpatents.org.in/db/db.htm 27.新加坡综合专利数据库（含美国、新加坡、PCT、欧洲专利、英国、中国、加拿大、韩国、中国台湾、日本、泰国）：http:/www.surfip.gov.sg/ 28.香港专利检索：http:/ipsearch.ipd.gov.hk/inx.html 29.澳门专利检索： http:/www.economia.gov.mo/web/DSE/public?_nfpb=tru
11、e&_pageLabel=Pg_ES_AE_QE_PATENT&locale=zh_CN 30. google专利搜索：http:/ 31.日本专利检索：http:/www.jpo.go.jp/quick_e/index_search.htm http:/www4.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/Tokujitu/tjftermena.ipdl?N0000=114,机械工程专业信息检索,ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers美国机械工程师协会SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers美国汽车工程师协会EI-Eng
12、ineering Index工程索引IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美国)电机及电子工程师学会 IET-The Institution of Engineering and Technology英国工程技术学会（IET）系英国电气工程师学会（IEE）和英国企业工程师学会（IIE）于2006年初合并组建而成 NTIS-National Technical Information Service美国国家技术情报服务局UMI-美国UMI公司，学位论文的信息服务（ProQuest ）。ISO-International O
13、rganization for Standardization国际标准化组织。,Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics,Terminology 术语,专有名词 ,t:minldi Text tour,2022/11/22,13,机械工程专业英语教程,Terminology,2022/11/22,14,机械工程专业英语教程,Gear 齿轮, 传动装置1.A toothed machine part, that meshes with another toothed part to transmit motion or to change speed or dire
14、ction. 齿轮：有齿的机器零件，与另一个有齿零件相啮合，从而传递运动或者改变运动的方向或速度。2. A complete assembly that performs a specific function in a larger machine传动装置：一套装置，在一个更大机器中发挥具体功能,V belt and pulleypuli V带和带轮,Bearing A device that supports, guides, and reduces the friction of motion between fixed and moving machine parts.轴承：在机器的固
15、定和运动部件之间起支撑、引导和减少运动摩擦的装置。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,15,Couple A pair of forces of equal magnitude acting in parallel but opposite directions, capable of causing rotation but not translation 力偶：数值相等但方向相反的两平行力，它能使物体转动但不能产生平移。Scalar A quantity, such as mass, length, or speed, that is completely specified b
16、y its magnitude and has no direction.标量：一个只有大小没有方向的量，如质量、长度或速度等,2022/11/22,16,机械工程专业英语教程,Momentum mumentm A measure of the motion of a body equal to the product of its mass and velocity动量：表示物体运动特性的一个物理量，等于运动物体的质量和速度的乘积。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,17,The branch of scientific analysis which deals with moti
17、ons, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在
18、其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Text tour,18,Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.力通过配合表面传到机器中的各构件上。例如，从齿轮
19、传到轴或者从齿轮通过啮合的轮齿传到另一个齿轮，从V带传到带轮，或者从凸轮传到从动件。If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.如果齿轮间相啮合的齿与齿之间的力过大，就会将油膜从齿间挤压出来。这会造成金属的碎裂和剥落，噪音增大，运动不精确，直至报废
20、。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,19,Two equal and opposite forces acting along two non-coincident parallel straight lines in a body cannot be combined to obtain a single resultant force. Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular ,p:pndikjul distance
21、between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action.作用在同一个刚体上的两条不重合平行线上的两个大小相等, 方向相反的力不能被合并成一个合力。作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的力构成一个力偶。力偶臂是这两条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含这两条作用线的平面。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,20,Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors.
22、 Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, accele
23、ration, force, moment, and momentum.力学涉及到两种类型的量：标量和矢量。标量是那些只有大小的量。在力学中标量的例子有时间，体积，密度，速率，能量和质量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移，速度，加速度，力，力矩和动量。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,21,Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects,TerminologyText tour,2022/11/22,22,机械工程专业英语教程,Terminology,2022/11/22,23,机械工程专业英语教程,Compressive Serving to
24、or able to compress压缩的：起压缩作用或能够压缩的Turning The shaping of metal or wood on a lathe车削：用车床将金属或木材加工成型的过程Lathe 车床,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Rectilinear,rektilini Moving in, consisting of, bounded by, or characterized by a straight line or lines:直线的：以直线运动的，向直线组成的，以直线为边的，具有直线之特点的 micrometer 千分尺,24,2022/11/22,2
25、5,机械工程专业英语教程,Thread A helical or spiral ridge on a screw, nut, or bolt螺纹：螺钉、螺母或螺栓上螺旋型的凸棱Shaper牛头刨床,A study of any machine or mechanism shows that each is made up of movable parts. These parts transform a given motion to a desired motion. In other words, these machines perform work. Work is done when
26、 motion results from the application of force. Thus, a study of mechanics and machines deals with forces and the effects of forces on bodies.参考译文：研究表明机器或者机构都是由若干运动零件组成的。这些零件将给定运动转换成目标运动。换句话说，这些机器做功。因为力的作用产生运动而做功。因此，力学和机械（学）研究力以及力对物体的影响。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Text tour,26,A force is a push or pull. T
27、he effect of a force either changes the shape or motion of a body or prevents other forces from making such changes. Every force produces a stress in the part on which it is applied. Forces may be produced by an individual using muscular action or by machines with mechanical motion. 参考译文：力分为推力和拉力，力可
28、以改变物体的形状或运动状态或者防止其他力作这样的改变。施加在零件上的力会在其内部产生应力。力可以由个人的肌肉活动或者由机器的机械运动产生。 Forces are produced by physical or chemical change, gravity, or changes in motion. When a force is applied which tends to stretch an object, it is called a tensile force. A part experiencing a tensile force is said to be in tensio
29、n. A force can also be applied which tends to shorten or squeeze the object. Such a force is a compressive force. 参考译文：力由物理或化学变化、地心引力或者运动变化产生。当力用于拉伸物体时叫拉力。零件受拉力作用被称为受拉（处于拉伸状态）。力也可用于缩短或挤压物体，这种力叫压力。,A third force is known as a torsional force, or a torque since it tends to twist an object. Still anoth
30、er kind of force, which seems to make the layers or molecules mlikjuls of a material slide or slip on one another, is a shearing force. 参考译文： （我们知道的）第三种力是扭转力，或者叫扭矩，因为它会扭曲物体。还有另一种力，它似乎会使材料的各层或分子间产生相对滑移，称为剪切力。 Each of these forces may act independently or in combination. For example, a downward force
31、applied on a vertical steel beam tends to compress the beam. If this beam is placed in a horizontal position and a load is applied in the middle, the bottom of the beam tends to stretch and is in tension. At the same time, the top area is being pushed together in compression. If the compressive and
32、tensile forces are greater enough to make the layers of the material slide upon each other, a shearing force results.参考译文：这些力都可以单独或者组合起来起作用。例如，一个向下的力施加在垂直钢梁上会压缩它。如果将梁水平放置，载荷施加在梁的中央，则梁的下方会伸长而受拉。同时梁的上方被压缩而受压。如果压力和拉力足够大到使材料的各层产生相对滑移，则会出现剪切力。,28,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,The turning of a part in a lathe is
33、another example of several forces in action (as shown in Figure 1).11. turning of a part 这里指“对一个零件进行车削加工”。全句译为：几个力同时作用的另外的一个例子是在车床上对零件进行车削加工（如图1所示）。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Fig. 1 The turning of a part in a lathe,29,As the work revolves and the cutting tool moves into the work, the wedging action of t
34、he cutting edge produces a shear force. This force causes the metal to seem to flow off the work in the form of chips.2 2. chip 这里指“切屑”。work 这里指“工件，即 workpiece ”。全句可译为：工件旋转时刀具切入工件，切削刃的楔入动作产生剪切力。这个力使得金属看起来像以切屑的形式从工件上流出来一样。If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a
35、 compressive force against the work.33. centers of the lathe 意为“车床的两个顶尖”。全句可译为：如果一个工件被安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，顶尖对工件施加一个压力。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,30,The lathe dog which drives the work tends to produce a shearing force. The pressure of the cutting tool against the work produces tension and compression, as well
36、as a shearing action.参考译文：驱动工件的车床夹头会产生一个扭转力。刀具顶在工件上的压力会同时产生拉力和压力，以及剪切作用。Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving w
37、heel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.参考译文：对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。因此，砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给定的安全表面速度限制。离心力随转速的增
38、加而增大。,31,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in commo
39、n appliances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.参考译文：离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。一些离心分离机用于分离化学制品；还有的通过离心铸造工艺分离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。,32,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This
40、action is caused by the continuous application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the
41、 center which is equal and opposite to the centrifugal force.参考译文：向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉向（轨道）中心的力的持续作用。换句话说，这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度，这个向心力与离心力大小相等，方向相反。,33,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,The materials used in the construction of rapidly moving machine parts and mechanisms must be
42、structurally strong enough to provide the centripetal force required to hold the parts to a circular path. At the same time, the materials must be able to withstand the centrifugal force which tends to pull the parts apart.参考译文：用于制造高速运动的机械零件和机构的材料组织上必须有足够强度，以提供保持零件在圆形轨道上所需的向心力。同时，这种材料必须能经得起可将零件拉裂的离心
43、力的作用。,34,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Motion and the basic laws which affect motion are important considerations because of the numerous applications of these principles to produce work through mechanical devices.参考译文：对运动和影响运动的基本定律需要重视，因为有许多根据这些原理通过机械装置做功的应用。 There are two primary mechanical motions: rotar
44、y and rectilinear. These terms suggest that rotary motion is a circular movement around a center line and rectilinear motion is a straight line motion.参考译文：有两个主要的机械运动：回转运动和直线运动。这些术语表明（顾名思义），回转运动是一种绕着一根中心线的环状运动，而直线运动是沿着一根直线的运动。 For either rotary or rectilinear motion, it is possible, with added mecha
45、nical devices, to produce other forms of motion such as intermittent motion and reciprocating motion. 参考译文：对回转运动或直线运动来说，如果可能的话，加上机械装置则可产生其他形式的运动如间歇运动和往复运动。,35,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,Rotary Motion. The motion that is commonly transmitted is rotary motion. This type of motion may be produced with hand
46、tools or power tools. Rotary motion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt.4 4. rotary motion 意为“回转运动”。全句可译为：回转运动 通常称为回转运动，这种运动可以由手动工具或动力工具产生。钻孔、在车床上车削零件、铣平面、驱动发电机或风扇的带等都需要回转运动。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/22,36,Rectilinear ,rektilini Motion. The fe
47、ed of a tool on a lathe, the cutting of steel on a power saw, or the shaping of materials are all situations in which rectilinear or straight line motion produces work. In each of these situations a part or mechanism is used to change rotary motion to straight line motion. The screw of a micrometer
48、and the threads in a nut are still other applications where the direction of motion is changed from rotary to rectilinear.5 5. the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”,全段可译为：直线运动 车床上刀具的进给、在锯床上锯钢材以及材料的刨削等都是直线运动做功的情况。每个这些（类）情况都要用一个零件或机构将回转运动转化为直线运动。千分尺中的螺杆和螺母中的螺纹是把运动方向从转动变为直线的另外一些应用实例。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11
49、/22,37,Harmonic and Intermittent Motion.6 Any simple vibration, such as the regular back-and-forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.76. harmonic and intermittent motion 意为“谐波运动和间歇运动”。7. simple harmonic motion 意为“简谐运动”。全句可译为：任何简单的振动，例如摆的下端有规律的往复运动是简谐运动。,机械工程专业英语教程,2022/11/
50、22,38,However, many manufacturing processes require intermittent or irregular motion. For example, the fast return stroke of a power hacksaw or shaper ram is desirable because no cutting is done on the return stroke. Therefore, as more time is saved in returning the cutting tool to the working posit
