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1、Technical English for Mechanical Engineering,机电工程专业英语,Lecture 1 Introduction,引言,1.1 什么是专业英语,是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达准确、精练和正式。,专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性
2、,(1) 科研信息获取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项申请专利发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,1.3 课程的学习内容,主要内容：基础知识（文体特点，语法特点，词汇特点，常用符号公式表达）阅读翻译，专业词汇,Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English,
3、专业英语的特点,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式,(3) 省略句使用频繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,(客观
4、性),1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.,互感器安装在高压设备上,2.1 Grammar Features,3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,4) The meters are calibrated and the sc
5、ale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。,5) Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Fa
6、rads.,电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。, 动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed
7、in the sun, an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一
8、个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验,用动名词短语做主语,4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5) Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,2.1 Grammar Features, 分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply, which is sho
9、wn in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,2.1 Grammar Features,2) A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-ph
10、ase circuits.,A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,3) The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an am
11、plifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。,2.1 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1) The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand o
12、f electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,2.1 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用频繁,省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。,1) If it is possible, the open-loop control ap
13、proach should be used in this system.,If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,可能的话，这个系统应
14、该使用开环控制方法。,(精炼),2.1 Grammar Features,3) The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,As already discussed 前已讨论As explained befo
15、re 前已解释As described above 如上所示If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important (possible, necessary,
16、natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高气压气候室。,（准确、精炼）,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,1) It has b
17、een mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,
18、2.1 Grammar Features,2) The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。,3) The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chie
19、f reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.,交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。,2.1 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1) All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves m
20、oving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的
21、仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,2.2 Rhetoric Features,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1) 广泛使用一般现在时,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3) 逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although, because, but, if, once, only, supp
22、ose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,2.3 Vocabulary Features,(1) 词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,diode ， capacitor ，substation , autotransformer ，superconductivity 。,很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义,某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。,power :,幂，乘方,动力，功率，效率,电源，电力，功率，电能,bus:,公共汽车,母线,总线,Condenser
23、：,电容器，补偿机,冷凝器,power plant:,发电厂,动力装置,：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇,(二极管),（电容器）,(变电站，变电所),（自耦变压器）,(超导特性),2.3 Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇,take in - absorb,Look into - examine,find out - discover,turn round - rotate,make good use of - utilize,change - convert,2.3 Vocabulary Features
24、,(1) 词汇构成,1) 合成法,由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词,名词+名词（n.+n.）n. :,horsepower, bandwidth, power utilization,名词+形容词(n+adj.) adj.：,ice-cold, network-wide,名词+副词(n+adv.)n.，adj.:,feedback,形容词名词（adj+n）n.，adj.：,low-pass, high-speed, short-circuit, newtype,形容词+名词+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed，small-sized,介词+名词(p
25、rep.+n.)adj., n.：,bypass, overhead, on-line, overvoltage,2.3 Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的，semi-构成的词有230个以上: semiconductor，semimonthly等，thermo-130 个以上：thermo-chemical，thermo-electricalmicro- 300个以上:auto- 260个以上:,前缀（prefix）：词义变化，词类不变后缀（suffix）：词义可能变化可能不变，词类一定会变,常用的前
26、缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员，至少应掌握50个常用前缀和后缀。,名词前缀,名词后缀,形容词后缀,副词后缀,动词后缀,词根,3) 词汇缩略,2.3 Vocabulary Features,只由词汇中的部分字母或由词组中每个词汇的首字母。,节略词，缩略词，首字词和缩写词,节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,2.3
27、Vocabulary Features,缩略词：由词组中某些词的词头字母（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常的规则发音,ROM,RAM,Radar,GIS,read only memory 只读存储器,random access memory 随机（存取）储存器,radio detecting and ranging ；雷达,gas insulated station 气体绝缘变电站,geography information system 地理信息系统,2.3 Vocabulary Features,首字词：与缩略词类似，区别在于每个实词只取第一个字母，且必须逐字母念出,ACDCCDL
28、EDIDIPUPSHVHVDCIEEIEEE,alternating current交流电,direct current 直流电,compact disc光盘，压缩磁盘,light emitting diode 发光二极管,identification card 身份证,uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源,high voltage 高压, high voltage direct current 高压直流, institution of Electrical Engineers 英国电气工程师协会, institute of Electrical and Ele
29、ctronics Engineers 美国电气电子工程师协会, Internet Protocol, 网际协议,2.3 Vocabulary Features,CEE,- College of Electrical Engineering,Department of Electrical Machinery and Electrical Apparatus Department of Power System and its Automation Department of High Voltage and Insulation Technology Department of Power E
30、lectronics and Power Drives Department of Electrical Engineering Theory and New Technology Department of Architectural Electrical and Intelligence,电机与电器,电力系统及其自动化,高电压与绝缘技术,电力电子与电力传动,电工理论与新技术,建筑电气与智能化,缩写词：并不一定由某个词组的首字母组成。有些缩写词仅由一个单词变化而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。,2.3 Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附录；fi
31、g.figure 图；sq.square 平方；msg.message 信息；amp.amplifier 放大器；o.p.operational amplifier 运算放大器；,2.3 Vocabulary Features,混合法:由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。,positronnegatron,字母外形法 :对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray X 射线U-shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁Y-direction Y轴方向H-frame structure H型框架结构T-filt
32、er T型滤波器Y-connection Y(星)形连接,ositive electron正电子, negative electron负电子,2.3 Vocabulary Features,人名法:对一些科学家、发明家所发现或发明的理论、方法、定理或定律、东西和物品等，用他们的名字组成新词。,Ohm欧姆,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫兹,Kelvin开尔文,Coulomb-库仑,2.4 Symbol and Formula,国际单位制中的前缀,2)小数，分数，百分数,2.4 Symbol and Formula,0.1: zero point one, point
33、one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one0.01: point zero one, 10.35: ten point three five,1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third1/4: one quarter 1/8: a eighth2/3: two-thirds, two over three, two divided by three3/4: three-fourths, three quarters3%: three percent0.2% : point two percent5: five per mill,3)幂（p
34、ower）根（root）,x to the second power,2.4 Symbol and Formula,: x square,x squared ,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:the nth power of a , a to the n power,: the square root o f three,: the cube (third ) root of a,:the nth root of a,2.4 Symbol and Formula,4)数学运算符号,2.4 Symbol and Formula,2.4 Symbol and Formula,
