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1、第三单元 词汇翻译,（语言语境）3.1判断词义3.2 选择用词（3.3 变换用词、3.4词语搭配）（非语言语境）3.5 特殊词汇翻译,Words do not have meanings；people have meanings for them. -Eric Partridge (1894 - 1979), lexicographer ,one of the twentieth centurys leading experts on American, English, and Australian slang.Each word when used in a new context is
2、a new word. -John Rupert Firth(1890-1960), the London school of linguistics,3.1 判断词义,查阅字典（网上字典）分析句子、句群的语法结构上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果,语言语境,查阅字典（网上字典）,1. What you have always wanted until now has been a set, steady, constant purpose.2. The carpet really wants cleaning.3. They were not rich. They had lived all t
3、heir lives in want.4. He is wanted in connection with the murder of a teenage girl.5. You are wanted on the phone.,sanction sanctionsground grounds The leaf slowly fluttered to the ground。Jim has strong grounds to ask for more money.custom customseconomy economiesdamage damagesexport exportstransact
4、ion transactions,理由,节约措施,海关,赔偿费,出口货物,（会议的）讨论、记录,分析句子的语法结构,He took charge of his failing father and after a time .fail to be unsuccessful in sth you want to do, in exam/test, or in businessbody organs stops workingfailing sight/health 衰退的视力/身体,分析句群的语法结构（关联词表达的逻辑关系）,that there must be something dashin
5、g and “fast” in his appearance, whereas his costume was perfectly plain, the expression of his face grave and earnest,时髦 放荡 朴素 严肃 诚挚,fast,Marx and Engels were fast friends. The baby is fast asleep.She held on fast as they went round the bend(弯道). We should hold fast to our faiths till the very end.M
6、uslims fast during Ramadan.,1. My sister thinks it is futile to study hard the nigh before an exam, but I find it quite useful.2. Cellphones have become ubiquitous; you can see and hear them everywhere.3. Desalination, or the removal of salt from seawater, is a method of providing fresh water for bu
7、siness, home and agriculture use.Australian passports will now have three gender options - male, female and x. The new category is only for use by intersex people - who are not biologically entirely male or female.,girlfriend voiceGirlfriend voice refers to the change in pitch or tone of a mans voic
8、e when talking to their significant other. The girlfriend voice is characterized by a higher pitch and a more effeminate（温柔的） tone with speech patterns scattered with pet names and childish words. 女友专用调指男士在跟自己的另一半说话时声调和语气上的变化。这种变化主要体现为：声调提高、语调更显温柔，并且不时夹杂着各种爱称和幼稚的语言。,根据词语的词性,backI will come back, I w
9、ill.It was said that they would back the plan.Its the last straw that breaks the camels back.1. 我一定会回来的。2. 据说他们会支持这个计划。3. 压死骆驼的最后一根稻草。,分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果等来判定词义,Arrests Made in China Gutter Oil Scandal Chinese police have arrested 32 people for producing and selling adulterated cooking oil made from l
10、eftovers dredged from gutters behind restaurants. 我国公安机关抓获了非法炼制及销售餐馆地沟油制成的食用油的32名犯罪嫌疑人。 More than 100 tonnes of such oil was seized after busting（摧毁） a criminal network spanning 14 provinces, the ministry of public security said. 公安部称在摧毁了这个涉及14个省的地沟油犯罪网络后，公安机关共查处了地沟油炼制的食用油逾百吨。,3.2 选择用词,确切理解所选用词的含义注意
11、所选用词的感情色彩和语体色彩慎用文言文和方言,确切理解所选用词的含义及感情色彩,From Charles Dickens to His Son 狄更斯致子函I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not tell you that I love you dearly, and am v
12、ery, very sorry in my heart to part with you. But this life is half made up of partings, and these pains must be borne. 我今天写这封短信，一来因为你的离去萦绕我心，二来也想给你只字片语，让你在宁静的时间里时而思量。我不必告诉你，我爱你有多深，也不必说，与你分离让我多么惆怅。但是人生有聚有散，而这些痛苦是必须承受的。 愁肠百结,It is my comfort and my sincere conviction that you are going to try the lif
13、e for which you are best fitted. I think its freedom and wildness more suited to you than any experiment in a study or office would ever have been; and without that training, you could have followed no other suitable occupation. 你将去体验最适合你的生活，这是我的安慰，也是我诚挚的信念。与书房或办公室的工作相比，我认为那种自由而又不羁的生活更适合你。少了那样的训练，你就
14、不能从事其他适合你的职业。wildness放荡不羁不羁无拘无束,1. He flattered her, saying how beautiful her eyes were.2. I was flattered to be invited to write an article for the famous magazine.他奉承她，说她的眼睛有多美丽。获邀为那本著名的杂志写文章，我受宠若惊。,凡是能用白话表达的，尽量不要使用文言词语。（para 2，p34）方言词语的使用也要看原文的语言特色。,慎用文言词和方言,3.3 变换用词,通过替换同义词、近义表达法实现变化用词通过转译（词性转换）
15、实现变化用词,In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. 在秋天，冷风一点也不会让人愉快。在秋天的日子（秋日里），通常是寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦（讨人喜欢）。But spring has none of these drawbacks; 但是春天没有这些缺点但是春天毫无这些缺憾the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy.花儿
16、盛开，树木草地茂盛地生长，天气温和，空气温馨。百花儿盛开，草木茂盛（葱茏），气候温和，春风和煦。,替换同义词,How to grow old,Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they
17、 have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it so at least it seems to me is to make your interests
18、 gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.,Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. 有些老人因怕死而惶惶不安。 But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever wor
19、k it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.但是对老年人来说，经历了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做到的事情都做到了，怕死就未免有些可鄙，有些不光彩了。,转译（词性转换）,She tries to calm her daughter with a faint smile and gentle caress of her hair.她淡淡地微笑着，温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发，让她平静下来。,Speculation that Vladimir Putin may have had cosmetic surger
20、y has resurfaced as he prepares to assume the Russian presidency for the third time。The 58-year-old Russian prime minister set the blogosphere alight at the weekend after accepting his partys presidential nomination at a glitzy Moscow event with his face looking suspiciously smooth。在普京打算第三次竞选俄罗斯总统之际
21、，关于他可能进行过整容手术的猜测又一次浮出水面。这位五十八岁的俄罗斯总理上周末在莫斯科接受统一俄罗斯党总统候选人提名时，皮肤看起来不可思议地平滑，这一现象立马在博客引起热议。,3.4 词语搭配,并列关系偏正关系动宾关系主谓关系,并列的结构应该含有相似的结构，发挥同等的语法功能。（para3，p38）A little cottage nestling amidst the wayside trees, the blue smoke curling up against the green, and a bower of roses round the door.小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，绿色
22、的屏障上，炊烟袅袅，荫凉的蔷薇丛绕着门庭。小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，袅袅炊烟飘向绿色屏障，荫凉的蔷薇丛绕着门庭。,并列关系,I came; I saw; I conquered. (Julius Caesar)我来了，我看见了，我征服了。我来到了(这片土地)，我看到了(这片土地)，我征服了(这片土地)。 我来到，我看见，我征服 。,I was hated in China and dont want to be hated by people here, Ms Feng said to The New York Post in her native Chinese.America is s
23、till a place where anyone can succeed. I can open a small business, develop into a big business, take it public and then global, she continued.。凤姐在纽约邮报的采访中用母语中文说：“我在中国被讨厌，我不想被这里的人讨厌。”她还说：“美国依然是一个任何人都能成功的地方。我可以开一个小公司，把它做大，做出名气，然后走向全球。”,修饰语在意义上必须必须能与中心语配合；英汉修饰语和中心语的位置差别。汉左英右Or perhaps a village street
24、 of which the name has been long forgotten, with its rambling old inn,或许，一条不知名的小街上，有座设计不太规范的客店，远处的小街可见一座设计不太规范的客店，亦或是在一条不知名的乡村街道上，有着一家布局杂乱的客栈，。,偏正关系,. What you have always wanted until now has been a set, steady, constant purpose.确定的 持续不变的目标固定的 坚定不移的目标,The most spoons balanced on the face is 17 and
25、was achieved by Aaron Caissie (Canada) on 18 April 2009.The Guinness World Records,动宾关系 偏正关系,Never take a mean advantage of any one in any transaction, and never be hard upon people who are in your power. Try to do to others as you would have them do to you, and do not be discouraged if they fail so
26、metimes. It is much better for you that they should fail in obeying the greatest rule laid down by our Savior than that you should.处理事务时，决不要占任何人的便宜，也决不要苛刻地对待你的部下。要努力做到：己所不欲，勿施于人；而若别人偶尔怠慢你，你也不必气馁。就算别人违反我们救世主订下的最伟大的规则，而你也必须遵从。,The longest fingernails belonged to Lee Redmond (USA), who started to grow
27、them in 1979 and carefully manicured （修剪）them to reach a total length of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in) on 23 February 2008. Lee lost her nails in an automobile accident in early 2009.,主谓关系,Mouth cancer was once considered to mostly affect older men, but it is now become more common in younger people and wom
28、en. It is possible that binge-drinking and smoking could be helping to fuel rising rates of the disease as these are key risk factors. 过度饮酒和抽烟可能帮助了该病在年轻人中的发病率。年轻人过度饮酒和吸烟可能是导师口腔癌发病率节节上升的两个“帮凶”。,3.5 特殊词汇翻译,人名地名俗语俚语习语成语术语新词,人名地名,音译（基本原则）New York 纽约意译Hardly Human 卜世仁音译+意译New Sealand 新西兰 纽西兰,人名地名,英美姓氏起源主
29、要分类： 取自祖先所从事的行业名称而形成的姓氏。例如 Miller（磨坊主）米勒，Smith（铁匠）史密斯，Baker（面包师）贝克，Fisher（渔夫）费舍尔，Taylor（Tailor的变体，裁缝）泰勒，Barber（理发师）巴伯，Carpenter（木匠）卡彭特，Cook（厨师）库克，Singer（歌手）辛格。 取自自然界的山，水和动，植物名称而形成的姓氏。例如： Brook（小河）布鲁克，Bush（树丛）布什，Wood（森林）伍德，Stone（石头）斯通，Lake（湖泊）莱克，Hill希尔，Rice（稻谷）赖斯，Fox（狐狸）福克斯，Wolf（狼）沃尔福，Bird（鸟）伯德。,由于祖上
30、有人在生理有某些特征，而起的诨名所形成的姓氏。例如： Red（红色）瑞德，Brown（棕色）布朗，Black（黑色）布莱克，White（白色）怀特，Long（身长）朗，Short（身短）肖特，Strong（强壮）斯特朗，Yong（年轻）扬。,按家庭/族中的长幼关系来命名。例如： Johnson（John+son，约翰的儿子）约翰逊，Richardson（理查德的儿子）理查森Judson（贾德的儿子）贾德森，Edson（edgar+son，埃得森的儿子，Wilson（William+son，威廉的儿子）威尔逊，MacDonald，还有MacArthur.但苏格兰的习惯是在名字的前面加上Mac-或
31、Mac-。这样，在英格兰叫Donaldson的人在苏格兰应叫做MacDonald，还有MacArthur。爱尔兰的习惯是在名字的前边加上O-，所以the son of Patrick叫OPatrick。,在翻译实践中遇到人名地名的翻译时，首先要查找正式的译名。即使用约定俗成的版本。Adam SmithNorman BethuneG. W. Bush,亚当 斯密,诺尔曼 白求恩,G. W. 布什,Joseph Needham The late Dr. Joseph Needham of Cambridge University enjoyed a high prestige in the Chi
32、nese academic circles. 贵校已故的李约瑟博士在中国学术界享有很高的声名。,Paul of Venice 威尼斯的保罗 保罗威尼斯William of Occam 奥康的威廉威廉奥康All shall be well and Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。We do not want any Tom, Dick and Harry using the club bar.我们不能让随便什么人都用俱乐部的酒吧。,地名翻译Honolulu 火奴鲁鲁 檀香山,A child is better unborn than untaught. Enough
33、is better than too much. There is a lot of noise on the stairs, but no one comes into the room. Heaven helps those who help themselves. A stitch in time saves nine. Bad news has wings. Dont try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs. 养不教，父之过。 过犹不及。雷声大，雨点小。 好事不出门，坏事传千里。小洞不补，大洞吃苦。不要班门弄斧。,San Francisco
34、, open your Golden Gate, sang the girl in the theatre. She never finished her song. The date was 18th April, 1906. The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided, buildings crashed to the ground and people rushed out into the streets. The dreadful earthquake destroyed the city that had grown up when
35、men discovered gold in the deserts of California. But today the streets of San Francisco stretch over more than forty steep hills, rising like huge cliffs above the blue waters of the Pacific Ocean.,the Golden Gate Bridge （suspension bridge）,San Francisco, open your Golden Gate, sang the girl in the
36、 theatre. She never finished her song. The date was 18th April, 1906. The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided, buildings crashed to the ground and people rushed out into the streets.“旧金山，敞开你的金门吧!”剧院里的歌女唱道。可惜她再也没能唱完这首歌。这一天是1906年4月18日，大地震动，屋顶突然开裂，楼房轰然坍倒，人们纷纷从屋里逃出，冲上街头。在加利福尼亚州沙漠里发现金矿后成长起来的这座城市，就这
37、样被可怕的地震摧毁了。但时至今日，旧金山的街道四处延伸；遍布四十多座陡峭的小山，那些小山像悬崖峭壁般高耸于太平洋蓝色的海域之上。,The Elysee Palace in France enjoys equal popularity in the world with the Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom, the Kremlin in Russia as well as the White House in the U.S.A. It is the residence of the president of the French Republ
38、ic and the symbol of the supreme authority in France.The Elysee Palace, with an area of 11,000 square meters, is at the eastern end of the Champs Elysee in the bustling city of Paris proper and backed by a large and tranquil garden of more than twenty thousand square meters. Its main building, quite
39、 handsome and graceful, is a 2-story classical stone architecture of European style, flanked by two side buildings facing each other and with an extensive rectangular courtyard in the middle. There are altogether 369 halls and rooms of different size.,The Elysee Palace in France enjoys equal popular
40、ity in the world with the Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom, the Kremlin in Russia as well as the White House in the U.S.A. It is the residence of the president of the French Republic and the symbol of the supreme authority in France.法国的爱丽舍与在世界上与美国的白宫、英国白金汉宫以及俄罗斯的克里姆林宫一样闻名遐尔。它是法兰西共和国的总统府，也是法国最
41、高权力的象征。,The Elysee Palace, with an area of 11,000 square meters, is at the eastern end of the Champs Elysee in the bustling city of Paris proper and backed by a large and tranquil garden of more than twenty thousand square meters.爱丽舍宫位于巴黎香榭丽舍大街的东端，面积1.1万平方米，地处热闹的市中心，背倚一个2万多平方米的恬静大花园。,heavya heavy bl
42、owa heavy eaterheavy fooda heavy firea heavy hearta heavy thinker,沉重的打击食量大的人难消化的食物猛烈的炮火沉重的心情深邃的思想家,According to the new school of scientist, technology is an overlooked force in expanding horizons of scientific knowledge.After the interview, he compares not their experience, but their statistics.,He
43、 halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, hearts, vows and librettos.他到了市区才停步，在那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻以出口的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。,I unwrapped the hamburger and surveyed the surrounding scenery.we should lose no time in getting everything ready for the seminar.We are on shaky ground. I t
44、hink were pretty close to divorcing.我一边打开汉堡，一边打量四周的风景。我们应当抓紧时间做好研讨会的准备工作。我们的婚姻已很不稳定，与离婚也就一步之遥了。,1. The task is a challenge for all of us.这项任务对我们所有人来说都是一个考验。2. I challenge you to answer my question.我要你回答我的问题。3. Ive constantly challenge my own conclusion.我一直在重新考虑/质疑我的结论。I challenge him for lying.我指责他说
45、谎。,搭配（challenge）,Im all fingers and thumbs this morning. I dont seem to be able to button up my shirt.今天早上我的手怎么这么笨呢，好像连衬衫都扣不上了。,1. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the bombing.塔利班声称对此次爆炸负责。2. The explosion claimed more than 20 lives.20多人在此次爆炸中丧生。3. Throughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.几个世纪以来，英国堪称世界一流城市。,搭配（claim）,maketo make a dressto make troubleto make a fireto make a livingto make the bed to make a mistake to make a speech,做裙子惹麻烦生火谋生铺床犯错误发表演说,
