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1、英语词汇学课程,构词法(I),General introduction,Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion (26%),The most productive methods,Shortening (8%-10%),Blending 1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Sound reduplication,4.1 Affixation/derivation,Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation
2、and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.,Classification of prefixes,The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.Negative Prefixes否定前缀Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀Prefixes of degree or size表范围和
3、程度的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀Locative prefixes方位前缀Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀Number prefixes数字前缀Conversion prefixes转化前缀Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀,1. Negative prefixes(1),un,1. Negative prefixes(2),non,1. Negative prefixes(3),dis,1. Negative prefixes,2. Reversative pre
4、fixes(1),un,2. Reversative prefixes(2),de,2 Reversative prefixes(3),dis,2. Reversative prefixes,3. Pejorative prefixes (1),mis,3. Pejorative prefixes(2),mal,3. Pejorative prefixes(3),pseudo,3. Pejorative prefixes,4. Prefixes of degree or size (1),arch,4. Prefixes of degree or size(2),super,4. Prefix
5、es of degree or size(3),out,4. Prefixes of degree or size,5. Prefixes of attitude (1),co,5. Prefixes of attitude(2),counter,5. Prefixes of attitude(3),anti,5. Prefixes of attitude,6. Locative prefixes(1),sub,6. locative prefixes(2),inter,6. locative prefixes(3),trans,6. locative prefixes,7. Prefixes
6、 of time and order(1),fore,7. Prefixes of time and order(2),pre,7. Prefixes of time and order(3),post,7. Prefixes of time and order,8. Number prefixes (1),semi,hemi,8. Number prefixes (2),uni,mono,8. Number prefixes (3),bi,di,8. Number prefixes,8.Number prefixes,9. Conversion prefixes(1),a,9. Conver
7、sion prefixes(2),be,Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbsbefriend (to behave as a friend to)becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽)benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝belittlebecalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)With nouns pl
8、us ed to yield adjectives bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses)Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9.Conversion prefixes(3),en,en-( em before p,b,m),Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs.使成
9、为使处于状态Before nouns, enslave(cause to be); empower(v. 授权）embody (v. 体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Before adjectives to form verbsenable enrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保,9. Conversion prefixes,10. Miscellaneous prefixes (1),auto,10. Miscellaneous prefixes (2),neo,2. Suffixation,Question:Why is the classificati
10、on of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes?Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base.Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis an
11、d suffixes on a grammatical basis,Types of suffixes,Noun suffixesAdjective suffixesVerb suffixesAdverbs suffixes,Noun suffixes,De-nominal noun suffixesDe-verbal noun suffixesDe-adjective noun suffixesNoun and adjective suffixes,De-nominal Noun suffixes (1),ster,Involved in,De-nominal Noun suffixes(2
12、),eer,Skilled in；engaged in,De-nominal Noun suffixes (3),ful,De-verbal Noun suffixes (1),ant,Occupation and participation;,De-verbal Noun suffixes (2),ing,De-adjective Noun suffixes (1),ness,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,Noun and adjective suffixes,Some suffix
13、es, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives.-ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese-an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian-ist: racist, socialist-ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite,1.1 Noun suffixes,1.1 Noun suffixes,Verb suffixes (
14、1),-ify,make, endow with,Verb suffixes (2),ize,involving or related to,Verb suffixes (4),ate,Give or make or become,Adjective suffixes,De-nominal adjective suffixesDe-verbal adjective suffixes,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (1),like,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (2),less,De-nominal Adjective suffixes
15、 (4),y,De-verbal Adjective suffixes (1),able (ible),De-verbal Adjective suffixes (2),ful,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adverb suffixes (1),ly,Adverb suffixes (2),ward (s),Adverb Suffixes,4.2 Compounding复合法,The definition of compounding and compoundComposition or compoundin
16、g is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.,Compounding,2.Forms of compoundsSolid:
17、bedtime, honeymoonHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningOpen: reading material, hot line,Compounding,3. Formation of CompoundsNoun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compoundsThrough conversion: nickname; first-nameThrough backformation: lip-reading to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke,Compound
18、ing,Noun compoundsHeadache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis,Compounding,Adjective compoundsWeather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfr
19、ee products, fire-proof dress,Compounding,Verb compoundsFormed by back-formationhouse-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed.,Compounding,Verb compoundsFormed by conversionto blue-print, to cold-shoul
20、der, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.,4.3 Conversion转化法,Question:What is conversion? Why is it called zero-derivation?Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an af
21、fix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).change of word-class; functional shiftderivation process without the addition of an affix,Types of Conversion,Conversion to NounsConversion to VerbsConversion to AdjectivesWords produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which
22、 the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive.,4.3.1 Conversion to nouns,De-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneous conversion,1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词）Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.State (o
23、f mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire)Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in)Result of the action (catch; find, answer)Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore)Tool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap)Place of the action (pass; walk; divide),2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词,Full convers
24、ion完全转换:A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.,Adjective-noun conversion,Complete conversionA native, two natives, a returned nativeHe is a natural for the job.Tom is one of our r
25、egulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night.To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate.They are the creatives in the advertising department,Partial conversion 部分转换Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does.They must b
26、e used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees.Words in this category generally denote a group of the kind.,Adjective-noun conversion,Partial conversionDenoting a quality or a s
27、tate common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the woundedDenoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the ScotchDenoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the
28、 sublime to the ridiculousDenoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned,3). Miscellaneous conversion其他类型的转换,Nouns converted from other classes as conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.,Conversion to verbs,The use of the
29、verb converted is both economical and vivid.Three kinds of conversion to verbsDenominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the babyDe-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age.Miscellaneous conversion: The students tut-tut the idea.,Conversion to adjectives,It occurs mostly between nouns and adjecti
30、ves.,英语词汇学课程,构词法(),4.4 Blending4.5Backformation4.6 Shortening,4.4 Blending,The definition of blendingBlending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blend
31、ing is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types.,Blending,Examplesnewscast (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog) talkathon (talkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone),4.4 Blending,sci-fihi-
32、fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawk,sciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communicationssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk,4.5 Backformation,The definition of backformationBack-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the dele
33、tion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.,4.5 Backformation,Examplesedit from editorautomate from automationenthuse from enthusiasmgloom from gloomydonate from donationbrainwash from brainwashingsleep-walk from sleep-walking,4.6 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviati
34、on（缩略法）1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.,4.6 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first let
35、ters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.,4.6 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in th
36、at they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,4.6 Shortening,1) Clipped wordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheli or copter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable,4.6 Shortening,Give clippings for the following wordsgymnasium gymD
37、ormitory dorm handkerchief hankygasoline gas kilogram kiloInfluenza flubusiness bizparachute chuterefrigerator fridge,4.6 Shortening,2) InitialismsIOC=International Olympic CommitteeBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationISBN=International Standard Book NumberCAD=computer assisted designcm=centimeterTB
38、=tuberculosis,4.6 Shortening,Write out in full the following initialismsCPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m. p.m.,central processing unitDo it yourselfChief Executive OfficerInformation technologyartificial intelligenceSave our shipinternational direct dialGreenwich Mean Timevery important personpostsc
39、riptante meridiempost meridiem,4.6 Shortening,3) AcronymsBasic=Beginners All-purpose Symbolic InstructionTEFL=teaching English as a foreign languageUNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationSars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,4.6 Shortening,Write out in full the following acronymsTofelROMNATOFIFAAidsradar,Test of English as a foreign languageread only memoryThe North Atlantic Treaty organizationFederation Internationale de FootballAcquired Immune Deficiency syndromeRadio detecting and ranging,
