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1、中英语言对比,I. 逻辑对比,II. 意合与形合对比,词性时态句子结构语序,主观与客观动态与静态具体与抽象肯定与否定含蓄与直率,翻译离不开逻辑。逻辑可以帮助人们正确理解原文并根据理解获得一个概念或意向，从而恰当地运用译文语言来表达这一意向或概念。 中英的逻辑差异体现在很多方面，以下是几种典型差异：,1. 主观与客观2. 动态与静态3. 具体与抽象4. 肯定与否定5. 直率与含蓄,主观与客观汉语在表达上注重主体意识，而英语强调倾向于客体。因此，汉语常用人或物 作主语，多用主动语态；有时还会省略主语。英语则较多用非人称主语结构，被动句与主动句并重，主语一般不省略。,我每当听到一个旧友死去的消息，总
2、要惆怅多时。The news of any old pals death will invariably make me sad in my heart for a long, long time.到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地留下眼泪。When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in this courtyard and thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheek.,动态与静态,汉语中喜用动词，经常会有多个动词同时出
3、现，英语则表现为倾向于用名词、形容词、介词等静态形式来代替动词，或用-ing，-ed等弱化的动词形式来代替。,小汽车盘旋着，穿过山庄，翻越峡谷，沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.他来回晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意识在萎缩。Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.,具体与抽象,一般认为，在表达同一意思时，汉语思维逻辑在用词方面倾向于
4、具体，往往以具体的形象表达抽象的内容；英语则大量地用抽象名词来表达复杂的感情，这样显得词义明确，措辞简练。,我以为世间最宝贵的就是“今”，最易丧失的也是“今”。因为他最容易丧失，所以更觉得他可以宝贵。Of all the things in the world, I think, the present is the most precious, and also the most apt to slip through our fingers. We, therefore, treasure it all the more because of its transience. 有些时装设计师
5、为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求坦胸露体的奇装异服。 In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.,肯定与否定,汉英逻辑思维差异的另一个方面体现在话语表达时肯定与否定的运用。,Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午，学生统统要交书面作业。你真不够朋友，连一块钱都不肯借我。Some friend you are
6、. You wont lend me 1 yuan.,直率与含蓄,中国人在叙事时注重含蓄，一般先叙事，把事情交代清楚了后，才表明自己的想法和看法。而西方人重外露，一般直接表态在先然后再说明情况或解释为何有这样的态度。,今晚有空吗？我想请你吃饭。Id invite you to have a dinner if you are free tonight.在四川西部，有一美妙去处。它被依岷山雪峰，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟声婉转，流水潺潺。它就是松潘县的黄龙。One of Sichuans finest spots is Huanglong, which lies in Song Pan County
7、 just beneath Xue Bao, the main peak of the Min Shan Mountain. Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams and song birds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.,汉语是一种“意合语言”（a language of Parataxis），主要靠句子内部逻辑联系，句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic cinnection）。
8、英语是一种“形合语言”（a language of Hypotaxis），句子内部的连接或者句子间的连接采用语言本身语法手段（形式手段），包括句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）等。,Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening-up policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. （n.-v.） 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。You are ignorant of th
9、e duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。(adj,-v.)Im all for your opinion. （prep.-v.）我完全赞成你的意见。She opened the window to let fresh air in. (adv.-v. )她打开窗户，让新鲜空气进来。,词性,汉语中多用动词，英语中用名词、形容词、副词等表达动作状态。,语态,As regards his character, nothing ill is spoken. 关于他的人格，没有人说不好的。去年又盖了一栋房子。 Another house w
10、as built last year. 今天下午学射击。Shooting will be the drilling item for this afternoon.历史是人民创造的。History is made by the people.,汉语中除“把”字句、被”字句等常用主动语态，表达相同意思时，英语中常用被动语态表达。,句子结构,Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。Association with the good can only prod
11、uce well, with the wicked, evil.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。吃苦在前，享乐在后。Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 在解决环境问题时，不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益，还要考虑全世界的长远利益。When we tackle environment problems, consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of
12、 the whole world.,汉语强调意合，多短句而结构简单；英语强调形合，多长句而结构复杂。,语序,I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy.,在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后 。,
