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1、考研英语长难句分析,解决方法：从结构入手七大基本句型： 主+谓 l smiled 主+谓+宾 I like you. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart. 主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy. 主+系+表 You are so pretty. (6)主+谓+状(SVA) He lives in New York. (7) 主+谓+宾+状（SVOA） We saw a film at the cinema last night.,句 子,判 断,简单句,并列句,复合句,主 干,并列连词,从属连词,Schools across China are expe
2、cted to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures . (2009 江苏),介词短语,时间状语,介词短语,同位语,过去分词做定语,定语,1.带有较多成分 的简单句,不定式做状语,Schools are expected to hire college graduates,去枝叶, 留主干。,在分析句子的时候，先抓住句子的主干，就可以掌握
3、本句的主要意思。然后再去分析其他的修饰成分，修饰成分包含：定语、状语、补语，以及插入语。,举例：Actually it isnt,/ because it assumes/ that there is an agreed account of human rights, /which is something /the world does not have. 结构分析：句子主干是Actually it isnt。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引
4、导的非限制性定语从句修饰，而这个非限制性定语从句中又有一个限制性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。 译文：事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。,复合句：先抓住句子的主句，再看看有没有什么从句：包含状语从句，定语从句，名词性从句这三种从句。,举例：This trend began during the Second World War, /when several governments came to the conclusion /that the specific demands / that
5、 a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 结构分析：句子主干是This trend began during, when引导时间状语从句, 第一个that引导同位语从句，表明conclusion的内容。第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句。 译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求，通常是无法详尽预见的。,举例：When that happens, it is not a
6、 mistake:/ it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct /that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.结构分析：句子主干是When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is instinct, an instinct that should be。以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，when that happens是时间状语从句。冒号后面的复合句里有一个that从句，做instinct的
7、定语。 译文：这种反应本身没有错，这是人类道德观念在进行推理时，本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。,解决理解不到位的问题的根本和关键还是要看结构 简单句：主干结构，然后把相关的定语、状语以及插入语放在该放的位置。,举例We live a society /in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: /an aspirin to quiet a headache, /some wine to be sociable, /coffee to get going in the mor
8、ning, /a cigarette for the nerves.结构分析：句子主干是We live in a society。此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are，是因为在这个从句中主语是use，而不是substances。在冒号后的部分中，quiet是及物动词，是“镇静”的意思。 译文：在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗，比如说服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨喝咖啡来提神，吸烟来镇定情绪等。,复杂句：根据连接词断句，然后分析各个从句的主干结构,举例：The do
9、ctors said/ (that) the rules could actually erode (腐蚀)privacy, /pointing to a provision(条款，规定)allowing managed-care plans(管理式医疗保健计划)to use personal information without consent / if the purpose was health-care operations. 结构分析：本句中pointing to 这个做伴随状语的分词短语又包含了一个介词without引出的方式状语和由if引导的条件状语从句，使得句子的结构变得较为
10、复杂。 译文：医生认为这些法规实际上是在破坏隐私权，因为其中一条法规规定，管理式医疗保健计划（managed-care plan）在“开展医疗保健工作”时,可以不经许可使用个人信息。,表达不通顺： 解决方法：四个原则原则一：主干结构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等结构顺序不能变）原则二：定语状语往前勾 （后置定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）原则三：前因后果多主动（符合汉语的习惯）原则四：名词从句依序翻（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）,词义选择，词序调整，词性转换，增词法等等 (1)词义选择： You know a word by his company it keeps.“知人
11、看伴，知词看文”。 1)分析上下文。 2)根据汉语习惯搭配选择词义。 Delicate精致的，精巧的 Delicate skin. Delicate difference. Delicate diplomatic relation Delicate beauty,(2)词序调整 centralized control中央控制 behavioral science行为科学 natural selection自然选择 the inflationary universe theory”膨胀宇宙理论宇宙膨胀说,(3)词性转换 The emphasis on data gathered first-ha
12、nd 对于收集第一手资料的强调 强调收集第一手资料,(4)增词法 Look into the pas 观察过去的（东西，情况，事物，问题，景象） In evolution在进化过程里 我们要在抽象词汇的翻译上要注意翻译时根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来使得译文更加具体和可读。 如：问题，情况，状态，关系，东西，过程、结果等。,3、第三类：考察具体的句型的翻译方法。,包括定语和定语从句，状语和状语从句，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句，并列结构，比较结构，省略结构，强调结构，插入结构，被动结构，形式主语，there be 句型等等。,长难句之小试牛刀,Markets have los
13、t faith / that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, / which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. (2011)主干句,That引导位语从句，修饰faith,形容词做状语,Thanks to表示原因,Which 引导定语从句，修饰同位语从句,市场已经对此失去了信心，即 欧元区的经济体，无论
14、强弱，总有一天会因为货币一体化而走向统一，因为这种趋势会使得缺乏竞争力的成员国难以实施应对货币贬值的紧急措施。,1. This will be particularly true / since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion / that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly tru
15、e。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;infashion译为“用方法、方式”。,1. This
16、 will be particularly true / since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion / that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。,2. Now since the assessment of
17、 intelligence is a comparative matter， / we must be sure / that the scale / with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are
18、 comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。,2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter， / we must be sure / that the scale / with which we are compa
19、ring our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。,3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities(特征)to be measured can be most precisely defined(界定)and least effectively when what is to be measured or predict
20、ed can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。and连接两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句whatpredicted。the tests是主句的主语，work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为
21、”，而应译为主动语态“界定”。译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。,4. For example，/ they do not compensate(弥补)for gross(显而易见的)social inequality，/ and thus do not tell / how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 结构分析:句子的框架是they d
22、o not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grown up（=If he had grown up）是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的
23、话，会有多大才干。,5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset (开始)：/ it invites you to think / that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to t
24、hink that。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有eitheror引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词be treated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans，修饰the consideration。it代指上文的观点，即如果对人权没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给
25、予关怀或关心”，consideration不应译为“考虑”。,5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：/ it invites you to think / that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。,6. Bu
26、t even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但It wasthat在本句中不是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前形成的巨大云团（a strip of enormous cosmic clo
27、uds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引导的应是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the farthest。for引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还有that引导的定语从句，修饰the patterns and structure。译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。,7. Thus it happened / that /when the new factories / that were springing up required labor，tens of th
28、ousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.结构分析:句子的框架是it happened that。it做形式主语，that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由when引导的时间状语从句，主句为tens of thousands of homeless an
29、d hungry agricultural workerswere forced，时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories又带有一个定语从句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定语从句。spring up意为“发生，出现，建立”。译文: 于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条件，只要不被饿死就行。,8. As a result of two or three centu
30、ries of scientific investigation we have come to believe / that nature is understandable in the sense /that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.结构分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that引导的从句做
31、believe的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句;同位语从句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveries。by way of意为“经由，通过方法”;reward sb. with意为“以报答，酬劳”;endure此处应译为“持久，持续”,不要译为“忍受，容忍”。,译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是可以认识的。,9. Thes
32、e new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact / that theoretical understanding has reached the stage /at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 结构分析:句子的框架是These new observation
33、al capabilities would result in simply a mass of details。后面紧跟省略了if引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that，即if it were not for the fact that;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply译为“只不过，仅仅”，不应译为“简单地”。译文：理论上的
34、认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。,练习,1. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life, / we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers / which will secure this ability。译文：既然我们的主要任务是让他们参与共同生活，我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在
35、形成获得这种能力的力量。,2. He believes / that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations他 (达尔文) 认为，正是这种困难起了弥补作用，使他长时间专注地思考每个句子，从而能在推理和亲自观察中发现自己的错误。,Thanks!,
