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1、谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；顾名思义，在句子中不能作谓语，而是担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite satisfactory. Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,英语动词分
2、谓语动词（含系动词）和非谓语动词（分词、不定式及动名词）两类。动词既以谓语的功能出现，它就具有了形式上的多种变化：时态，语态及主谓数的统一等等。,谓语动词有哪些形式?,一般现在时 do/doesam/is/are done一般过去时 didwas、were done 现在进行时 am/is/are doingam/is/are being done现在完成时 have/has donehave/has been done过去进行时 was/were doingwas/were being done过去完成时 had done had been done一般将来时 will dowill be
3、done过去将来 were going to dowere going to be done情态动词+do情态动词+be done,主动被动,1.非谓语动词的分类,不定式(infinitive),分词（participle）,动名词（gerund）,2.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词 组成谓语。,You ought to have been here yesterday.,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people .,3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The st
4、udents ran out of the classroom, laughing merrily .,To be frank, your plan is not practicable（可行的） .,不 定 式 主动/被动,一般 to write/to be written 进行 to be writing/ 完成 to have written/to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing /,非谓语动词的形式变化：,不定式to do,现在分词-ing, 过去分词-ed,现在分词 主动/被动,一 般 writing/being written
5、 完 成 having written/having been written,动 名 词 主动/被动,一般 writing/being written 完成 having written/having been written,过去分词 一般 written,谓语动词还是非谓语动词的判定,基础必备： 句子中某一动词究竟是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，需要根据句子的意义和结构，从标点、连词、句子成分和插入语等方面进行判定。,谓语动词还是非谓语动词的判定,1.在一个句子中，两个动词之间（有逗号无连词，其中一个应为非谓语。（但应该注意并列谓语的形式。）eg.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawame
6、ssagepinnedtothe door Sorrytomissyou,Iwillcallyoulater.” A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading,要点归纳：,选D。 分析：此处为非谓语动词。应该用reading,这是现在分词作定语，修饰名词amessage,相当于定语从句whichread(过去式).,非谓语,1.在一个句子中，两个动词之间（有逗号无连词，其中一个应为非谓语。（但应该注意并列谓语的形式。） eg. On Saturday afternoon,Mrs.Green went to the market, some bananas and visited
7、 her cousin.A.bought B.buying C.to buy D.having bought,选A。分析：在做题过程中要善于利用and,but等并列连词。若前面是个句子，后面也必定是个句子，反之亦然；若连接的是几个动词，这几个动词也必定是同一时态或同一形式。此处went,bought和visited为并列谓语。,谓语,2. 非谓语和句子之间、从句和主句之间一般不能有并列连词and/but等。 3. 祈使句+and/or+句子。（一般有从句就有主句）eg. it with me and Ill see what I can do.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.Ifyo
8、uleaveD. Leave,选D。 分析：句中已经有了连词and，所以不能再加连词了，所以AC是错误的。既然and后面是个句子，那么and前面也应该是一个句子，所以选D.动词原形开头的句子是祈使句。这是“祈使句+and+陈述句”。,谓语,English has large vocabulary,hasnt it?Yes. more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A.Know B.KnowingC.To know D.Known,选A。这是并列句，中间有and。“ and yo
9、u will”一看就是个祈使句，所以用动词原形。,谓语,判断正误：Knowing anything about it，I will tell you all.,中间是逗号，后面一句已经有谓语，所以填空的一定是非谓语，在doing、done、to do中选择。不是表目的（“为了能了解任意情况，我会告诉你一切”明显不符合逻辑），排除to do。因为know和I是主动关系，所以用现在分词。填进去后分析两者的逻辑关系，也就是条件。 现在分词作状语，也可改成对应的从句。（此处是条件状语从句） Knowing anything about it，I will tell you all. =If I kno
10、w anything about it, I will tell you all.,2. 非谓语和句子之间、从句和主句之间一般不能有并列连词and/but等。 3. 祈使句+and/or+句子。（一般有从句就有主句）eg. at the door before entering,please.A. Knocked B.To knock C.Knocking D.Knock,选D。 分析：句中已经有了连词and，所以不能再加连词了，所以AC是错误的。既然and后面是个句子，那么and前面也应该是一个句子，所以选D.动词原形开头的句子是祈使句。这是“祈使句+and+陈述句”。,谓语,2. 非谓语和
11、句子之间、从句和主句之间一般不能有并列连词and/but等。 3. 祈使句+and/or+句子。（一般有从句就有主句）eg. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct,解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过，凭”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。,并列非谓语,2. 非谓语和句子之间、从句和主句之间一般不能有并列连词and/but
12、等。 3. 祈使句+and/or+句子。（一般有从句就有主句）eg. She set out soon after dark home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived,选D。 解析：and连接2个并列谓语动词set out和arrived.公用一个主语she。注意：此处set为过去式。,并列谓语,2. 非谓语和句子之间、从句和主句之间一般不能有并列连词and/but等。 3. 祈使句+and/or+句子。（一般有从句就有主句）eg. all over the hill and ar
13、ound the lake are wild flowers of different kinds.A.To growB.GrowingC.GrownD. Grow,选B。 分析：本句还原后为 Wild flowers of different kinds are growing all over the hill and around the lake.,倒装句中的谓语,4. 句号、破折号、冒号、分号等相当于连词and等。 5. 做题时去掉插入语do you suppose等。eg. There are eight tips in Dr.Rogers lecture on sleep ,an
14、d one of them is: to bed early unless you think it is necessary.A.doesnt go B.not to go C.not going D.dont go Eg. some of this juiceperhaps youll like it. A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried,选D。 标点有时对我们做题有提示作用，不同的标点可能导致不同的答案，同学们做题时，一定要小心。如果去掉冒号，择选B，不定式作表语。,谓语,选B。此处破折号相当于连词and。,谓语,4. 句号、破折号、冒号、分
15、号等相当于连词and等。 5. 做题时去掉插入语do you suppose等。eg. Ive never seen anyone run so fast- David go.A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watch D. just having watched Eg. your coat at once.We must hurry. A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on,选A。 此处破折号相当于“so”。,谓语,选B。 注意此处的句号。,谓语,4. 句号、破折号、冒号、分号等相当于连词and等。
16、5. 做题时去掉插入语do you suppose等。eg. It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are. A.one B.that C.what D.it,选B。此题解题时应该删除干扰部分，也就是说，将起干扰作用的定语从句、介词短语或插入语，如I think/suppose/believe/do you think/you know/of course等删除，从而更容易地选出正确答案。,matters,6.补全省略成分。 7.适当转换句式。 8.排除思维定式eg. What d
17、o you think made Mary so upset? _her new bike.A.As she lost B.Lost C.Losting D.Because of losting Mr.Wang,whom would you rather _the important meeting?Tom. A.have attend B.have attended C.having attend D.have toattendCharles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing
18、 C.to have invented D.having invented,选C。口语中常常会使用一些省略句，做题时若将被省略的成分补充完整，答案就会一目了然。,选A。有时将题干的句式转换成自己更熟悉的句式，就很容易选出正确答案。比如将疑问句、强调句、感叹句或倒装句改为陈述句，将被动句改为主动句，无序句调整为正常句。,选C。有些试题的题干，看上去好像就是固定搭配，我们高兴地完成后，自以为十分有把握，结果却做错了。所以当我们越是遇到十分熟悉的所谓固定搭配时，越要从句子结构上或者句子意义上仔细分析，以免步入命题人设计的陷阱。,谓语动词还是非谓语动词的判定,即学即练： 1、投影仪展示。 2、长难句在
19、阅读理解中容易给考生造成障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。如果考生面对这些长难句，在短时间内能对它们进行结构解析，确切地理解它们的汉语意思，考生在阅读过程中的问题就会迎刃而解。以下是对各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。,抓主干、剔从句 一 个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则 长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解
20、，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。,【例1】 One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door.,析：句子主干部分为one tiny 9-inch plant has already taken over much of my rose bed and。bought短语、cov
21、ering短语分别作定语和状语。,句意：一个在春天时花$125买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆盖了我的其他植物。正在向前门发展。,【例2】 Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention,析：句子主干部分为Lewis found that，在t
22、hat引导的宾语从句中，含有两个who引导的定语从句。修饰 the oldest child和the youngest。,句意：莱温斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里，晚餐的谈话焦点往往是年龄最大和最小的孩子。最大的总是有许多的东西要说，而最小的则需要最多的关照。,【例3】 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented发酵 would kill off the yeast酵母 that was left in the wine, with the result tha
23、t the wine would remain fresh for much longer.,析：第一个that引出宾语从句，第二个that引出定语从句。第三个that引出同位语从句。,句意：Pasteur发现 (宾语从句) 在酒发酵之后，再加温几分钟，能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句)，其结果能使酒的保鲜时间更长(同位语从句。,【例4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willin
24、g to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation,析：在这个句子中，what引出主语从句。who引出定语从句，is后用that引出两个并列表语从句。,句意：关于那个救了他的命的19岁的人 (定语从句) winter知道的仅仅是，(主语从句) 他死于一场车祸(表语从句1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐献出来，用于移植(表语从句2)。,【例5】 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth centu
25、ry, the theorem原理 had baffled难住and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole polytechnique伊科尔理工学院.,析：句子主干部分为the theorem had baffled and beate
26、n the finest mathematical minds，过去分词短语put forward by作状语，现在分词短语including作定语，短语中含有两个由wh0引导的定语从句。,句意：这个定理先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难。包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习曾女扮男装。,6.Their study found that theobromine【化】可可碱，found in cocoa可可粉，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs
27、 than codeine【化】可待因(采自鸦片的镇痛止咳剂)，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect
28、 on the quality of life and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem， said Professor Peter Barnes.,简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。,6.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping
29、 coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the qua
30、lity of life and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem， said Professor Peter Barnes.,译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得巴恩斯教授说道：这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步。,实例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine_
31、.A.cannot be as effective as codeineB.can be harmful to peoples healthC.cannot be separated from chocolateD.can be a more effective cure for coughs,【标准答案】D。 【高考考点】推理判断题。 【试题解析】从第二段的Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine,
32、which was considered the best cough medicine at present.可看出theobromine比codeine更有效，判断A项错误。既然它用来止咳，改善人们的生活质量，所以B项错误。在第一段提到了heobromine是从chocolate里提炼出来的，所以C项错误。故正确答案是D项。,7.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the u
33、pper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.,简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。 either .or连结的是并列结构。,7.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface.It is either r
34、eflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.,译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。,实
35、例： 60.Only a small part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface because most of it is_.,A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphereC.lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes,C。细节理解题。据第二段“Much
36、of the energyis either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere, 30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface.”可以得出答案。,8.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F
37、.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization.,简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。,译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界
38、有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。,实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is_.A.a program to help students with writingB.a project of litter recyclingC.a campaign launched by President BushD.a club of environmental protection73.What can we learn about Poe?A.She was awarded a prize in Brazil.B.She donated billboard across t
39、he country.C.She got positive responses for her effortsD.She joined the National Park Service.,答案为D。细节理解题。选项A、B、C均属于内容错误。,答案为C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段The response to her request for help was so huge that一句可知。,9.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group .,简析：
40、夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。,译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。,实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?A.He disliked his teachers.B.His parents no longer supported him.C.Its cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.,C,10.The endless choice gives
41、birth to anxiety in peoples lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really w
42、anted.,简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。,10.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper gi
43、ving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.,译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。,11.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fat
44、hers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant, she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.,简析：第一句主干结构为she felt like .because .，句首内容为状语，because从句中有一个
45、插入成份。第二句中v-ing作状语表原因。第三句主干结构为：she didnt .because .。,11.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant, she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary基本的school because she was too shy to participate.,译文：作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有七个父亲，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她。由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。,
