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1、本课内容：1.Task 1 图表作文的写法，常用表达， 形成图表题的写作思路，练习2.流程图和书信的写法介绍,一. 图表作文写作要求,时间：20分钟 字数:不少于150 (150-170)不可忽视图表作文对整体分数的影响1.客观性写作：描述图表信息，不表达个人观点千万不可以出现I think我认为这些字样。2. 详尽性写作：起点，拐点，终点，变化趋势必须交代清楚,二.图表作文的分类,数据类： 1. table 表格图 2. line chart /line graph曲线图(线状图) 3. bar chart 柱状图 4. pie chart 饼状图非数据类：process diagram 流
2、程图,三. 图表作文写作步骤,(一)审题：1.看清图表类型2.先读题干信息，后读图表信息3.读线状图时看清横纵轴的含义4.看清楚单位，在写作的时候抄进文章,(二)构思：确定段数：开头段+主体段+结尾段主体段个数的确定原则：(1)多个图：几个图就写几个主体段(2)一个图：按照分类元素确定主体段个数,(三)写作：1.开头段，主体段，结尾段缺一不可2.常用图表作文表达必须全部掌握3.使用逻辑衔接词和转承短语注意时间控制：20 mins,(四)检查：字数单词拼写，不要缩写单位时态 （开头段永远是一般现在时）语法错误：主谓一致，缺少或者多余谓语，没有连词等,四.图表作文25类常用表达总结,10种趋势类1
3、.上升,增加： go up, ascend, grow ,climb up increase, rise, ( v / n) show an upward trend 增加了 increase by 增加到 increase to,2. 急剧上升,大幅度上升：(1).Jump, shoot up, surge, soar (不加修饰语)(2).go up / ascend / grow / increase / rise / climb up + sharply / rapidly / dramatically / drastically /steeply/ significantly/ su
4、bstantially,3. 小幅度上升：go up / ascend / grow / increase / rise/ climb up +modestly / slightly / marginally /moderately experience a slight growth in,4. 平稳上升,逐渐上升：go up / ascend / grow / increase / rise+ gradually / consistently / steadily / slowly / step by step,5.下降,减少：decrease, decline, fall, drop,
5、( v / n)go down, descend, sink, dip show a downward trend,9.波动,(在间)起伏不定：fluctuate v.用法：fluctuate between and fluctuate over the period of fluctuate over these 24 hoursfluctuation n. 用法：rise with some fluctuations,10. 保持平稳，平衡，静止不动：level off at, level out at +数字/百分比 hover (徘徊) at , stabilize at, reach
6、 a plateau at (到达了稳定期) remain / stay/ keep stable/ unchanged at,line:描述数值变化的两个基本句型,4种数字类：1.倍数基础表达法：A +istimes +as+ adj.原级+as +BA +istimes+ adj.比较级+than +BA +istimes+ the size/length/height/width/depth +of + BThe size/length/height/width/depth +of+ A+ istimes of +BThe +n.+is times+ what从句,这张桌子是那张桌子的三
7、倍大。This table is 3 times as big as that one.This table is 3 times bigger than that one.This table is 3 times the size of that one.The size of this table is 3 times of that one.今年的产量是2006年的3倍。The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2006.,倍数高级表达法：(1)是原来的倍：数字 + -fold (2)增长或者下降了倍: 数字-1 + -fold
8、 shows / experiences / witnesses/ undergo a three-fold increase / rise / decrease / reduction 是原来的3倍 / 增加或减少了3倍 例: Between 1971 to 1975, the population was up eight-fold. 是原来的8倍,增加了7倍,2. 一半：half，50%adj. Half the apples are bad. n. Half of the apples are bad.adv. My work is not half done yet.,3.大约，估计
9、：about，around, roughly, in the rough, in the neighborhood of, approximately, or thereabout, just over, just under, or so, 例：around / roughly / approximately 20 in the neighborhood of 20 20 or so, 20 in the rough,4.比例，百分比：percentage, proportion , ratio , share成比例 be in ratio 不成比例 be out of ratio , be
10、 ill-proportioned成正比 be in direct ratio 成反比 be in reverse ratio The ratio of A to B is X to Y.The ratio of pupils to teachers is 30 to 1.学生和老师的比率是30比1.,6种比较类1.大，达到最大值，达到最高点：reach the maximum / the largest part ofpeak atreach the peak at reach the highest point at,2. 小，跌到最小值，达到最低点：reach the minimum /
11、 the smallest part of bottom out at reach the bottom atreach the lowest point at,3.多于more than , over, above, upwards ofupwards of 60 years oldexceed, surpass, overtake, -v.4.少于less than, fewer than under, below, within,5. 相同和相似：相同be identical / the same with The same is true of . 也有同样情况, 也适用于In the
12、 same way, In like manner, be equal tobe a likeness, be a similarity, equally, 大体相同,相似：more or less alike, roughly the same, show great resemblance, be basically the same as,6. 不同：be different = be of great difference be different from be distinguished frombe contrary to differ from , vary frombe a
13、dissimilarity, be a variation A, unlike / as opposed to / as distinct from B, has,其他10类常用表达：达到多少数量： reach, hit, come to, stand at, arrive at, amount to,2. 占多少比例：occupy, represent, constitute,make up, take up, account for,3.由组成 ，包括几部分：be made up of, be composed of,consist of comprise= be comprised of
14、 ,4. 分别：respectively, separately, : 常放在句尾 Female part-timers and housewives have 40 and 50 hours of leisure time, respectively.,5.比较：类比：similarly, likewise, 对比：unlike, conversely, in / by contrast , on the contrary, in comparison, A, while / whereas /whilst B,6. 分类，分组：名词: classes, types, groups, div
15、isions, sorts, aspects, parts, categories, classifications动词：be classified into four groups be divided into two categories may be graded according to / on the basis of/ depending on be roughly classed under four heads. fall into two categories (用主动),7.时期表达法：over / during the period of two decades /
16、24 hours / seven days, during this 25-year period, during this seven-month stage, from tobetween and ,8. 对方观点或对方数据：the data of another group, The corresponding data, The statistics of its counterpart,9. 剩余的The rest of + 名词 The remaining +名词The remainder （后不需要加名词）,10.然后,以后，之后，在那以后，then, later, next,
17、and then, after that, thereafter, whereafter, afterwards, from this point onwards, Over the following three-year period,在接下来的三年里,五. 图表作文开头段的写法,开头段的写法：改写转述题目1.改变题干中关键词的词性2. 改变题干中关键词的位置3.同义替换,同义转换4.加入图表中的其他文字信息(时间，性别，国家,对象)5.开头段永远是一般现在时,原题干:The graph below shows the enrollments of overseas students an
18、d local students in Britains universities.,The given bar chart demonstrates the (说明图表类型） (同义替换)proportion of foreign students and local (添加新信息) (同义替换)students enrolled in Britains universities (关键词词性和位置)from 1989 to 1999. (添加新信息),图表作文开头段常用替换,1. show: (11种) give, describe, demonstrate, outline, indic
19、ate, reveal, present, illustrate, provide an overview of, provide an overall view of, provide a breakdown of,2. Information:data, statistics, numbers, figures,3. proportion: percentage, share,图表开头段练习,1. 表1饼状图的题干：The graph below shows us the informationhow electricity is used in an average English ho
20、me.,范例1. The pie chart above provides a breakdown (分解)/ the details (细节) of what the electricity is used for in a common English family/household.,范例2. The given pie chart demonstrates the percentage / proportion / data /statistics about what the electricity is used for in a common English family.,图
21、表开头段练习,开头段提干：The graph below shows the number of people at a London subway station between 6 am to 10 pm.,图表开头段练习,改写：The line chart indicates/ illustrates/ reveals the figure/ data of people at a London subway station from 6am to 10pm.The line chart illustrates the data about/ gives the information
22、about people at a London subway station over a time period of 16 hours from 6 am to 10 pm.,图表开头段练习,开头段提干：The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.,图表开头段练习,改写：The line chart/ graph above reveals the percentage of people
23、/ individuals aged 65 and over from 1940 to 2040 in three different nationsJapan, Sweden and the USA.,图表开头段练习,开头段提干：The graph below shows the leisure time enjoyed by people from different jobs in March, 2002.,图表开头段练习,The bar chart indicates the data of leisure time enjoyed by males and females of di
24、fferent job status in the month of March, 2002.,两个图开头段的写法,1.两个图捏合到一起写一句话：(两个图表类型相同时可考虑)2. 两个图分别各写一句话：中间用 and或者while连接(推荐写法：条理更清晰),表6两个图表的开头段练习,一共写一句话：The bar chart and / combined with the line chart demonstrate the statistics of Japanese tourists travelling overseas and Australias share of Japans to
25、urist market respectively from 1985 to 1995.,各写一句话：The bar chart provides an overview of Japanese tourists travelling overseas from 1985 to 1995, while the line chart demonstrates the statistics of Australias share of Japans tourist market of the corresponding period(同期)/ over the same period.,同期: o
26、f the corresponding period, over the same period,表5两个图表的开头段练习,The first table describes the outcome of an investigation conducted of 100,000 individuals concerning the purposes of their travelling overseas during the period from 1994 to 1998, while the second table provides an overall view of their
27、destinations of the corresponding period.,六. 图表作文主体段的写法,四种图表作文主体段一个共同的写法：主体段：1+X 1: 主体段的第一句概括总体趋势或者最显著的趋势 X：用X句介绍具体细节，每个句子争取涵盖文字信息，数字信息和比较三个方面，不要只是罗列数字，文字信息更重要,主体段的时态问题,1.一般过去时：图表中数据是以往数据，出现表示过去的年代例: While Motorolas share of the global handset market rose to 20.6% from 18.7%, Samsung Electronics sha
28、re fell to 12.2% from 12.5% in 2005.,2.一般现在时：图表中没有出现年代,只是一般数据的讨论（用的最广泛） 例: Britain produces 3% of the worlds carbon dioxides emissions, which are approximately the same as India.,3.一般将来时：图表中出现的年代超过了当前时间，就用一般将来时但不要用will, 要用 be likely to, be predicted to, be expected to, be estimated to, be projected
29、to 例: The total US greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to increase by 20% from 2015 to 2020.,1. 饼状图主体段写法,第一句话：说明饼状图的组成部分第二句话：说明占比例最大的部分第三句话以后：说明占比例第二的部分（或者：把剩下的几部分分类，把比例相同的部分捏合到一起说明）,表1饼状图主体段练习,第一句：It can be seen from the pie chart that the electricity is used for four purposes.,主体段第一句开头“由图可见”的常用
30、表达：It can be clearly seen from the chart thatAs can be clearly seen from the chart, We can see clearly from the chart that According to the chart, It is apparent/ obvious / evident / manifest from the. chart that,主体段第一句和第二句的过渡句：To be more exact, = More exactly, To be more precise, = More precisely,T
31、o be more specific, = More specifically, To be more detailed, = More detailedly,第二句开始：To be more precise, heating rooms and water accounts for the largest proportion (52.5%) of the electricity used, while the demand of ovens, kettles and washing machines occupies the 17.5% of the total need of elect
32、ricity. Lighting, TV and radio represent the same percentage(15%) as do vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools.,2. 线状图主体段写法,第一句：描述曲线的总体趋势 第二句：从起点开始描述 第三句以后：拐点，最高点，最低点，终点，变化趋势必须交代清楚，不必交代所有数据（曲线图6大要素）,表2单曲线主体段练习,主体段：As can be seen from the line chart, the number of people using this station f
33、luctuates over these 16 hours. More specifically, at 6am the number of people at the station stands at around 300. Then, the number shoots up over the next two hours, peaking at 450 at 8am.,After that, the number plunges for four hours, reaching 270 at 12. The period between 12 and 2 pm experiences
34、a slight fall in the number and gets to a little below 250, the lowest point in the whole day.,In the next four hours, there is a sharp rise again. The number returns to the peak at 450 again at 7pm. After 7pm, the figure falls again, gradually to around 400 at 9pm. The number remains quite stable i
35、n the period from 9pm to 11pm, but eventually the number of people slightly declines to 380.,多曲线图的写法,根据曲线的个数分段每根曲线的描述方式同单个曲线图最后加上一段文字，对所有曲线的总体变化趋势进行比较,Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992,首段,The graph shows the percentage of radio and television audiences over 4 years in t
36、he UK throughout the day from October to December 1992(总趋势). The figure reveals that before 2:00 pm there were more radio audiences, while after 2:00 pm more people turned to television. (总结),广播听众,The data indicates that radio listeners increased substantially before 8:00 am, when the percentage amo
37、unted to a peak of 27%. The percentage then declined steadily to 11% at 4:00 pm, which was followed by a slight increase to 15% at 5:00 pm. However, from then on, there was again a gradual decrease to 2% until 4 am, when the percentage bottomed out. The period from 4:00 am to 6:00 am saw another sli
38、ght rise to 4% in radio listeners.,电视观众,As for TV viewers, the percentage went up from 6:00 am to 8:30 am, when there was a leveling off at 8% until 10:00 am. After a slight decrease, the percentage rose sharply to 15% between 12 pm and 2pm, before it dropped slightly. The peak (45%) was reached at
39、8:00 pm after a massive rise from 14% since 3:00 pm. However, the period between 8:00 pm and 3:00 am saw a slump in television viewers. The percentage reached the bottom of 3% at 3:00 am, when there was a slight rise afterwards.,结论,Through the line chart, we can easily draw the conclusion that befor
40、e 2:00 pm, the number of radio audiences was larger than that of TV viewers. After that, more UK residents chose to watch TV instead of listening to radio. Overall, in these 24 hours, the TV viewers were more than the radio audiences.,首段,The line diagram shows the proportion of people in Japan, Swed
41、en, and USA aged 65+ from 1940 and the expected proportions up to 2040.,From 1940-1990, the proportions of people aged 65+ in the USA and Sweden are similar and follow the same trend. In 1940 the figures were 9% and 7% respectively, rising to15% and 14% respectively in 1980, before dipping to 14% an
42、d 13% respectively in 1990. Thereafter, Americans proportion of people aged 65+ leveled out and is forecast to remain at 14% until 2020, after which it is expected increase to 23% in 2040. However, Swedens proportion of people aged 65+ began to rise after 1990. This increase is forecast to continue
43、until 2010 when the proportion is estimated to be 20%. Then, there is expected to be a slight drop to 18% in 2030, followed by a steep climb to 25% in 2040.,日本,The situation in Japan differs considerably, with a fall in the percentage of people aged 65+ between 1940 (5%) and 1960 (3%). The percentag
44、e remained steady until 1985, where upon it began to climb. This rise is projected to continue until around 2030, when the proportion of Japanese aged 65+ is expected to reach 10%. Thereafter, within just a few years, the proportion is forecast to rise dramatically to 25%, with a less dramatic rise
45、to 27% in 2040.,结论,According to the graph, before the year 2030, the portion of population in Japan who aged 65+ was less than that of in Sweden and America, and after that it is more than the others.,多线图,The graphs below show the number of men and women in full and part-time employment in Australia
46、 between 1973 and 1993,首段,The curves reveal the percentage of men and women of different age groups in full and part-time employment in Australia between 1973 and 1993. The data relates that there were always more full-time males and less part-time males than their female counterparts.,The graphs fo
47、r full-time males show that there were always more full-time males in 1973 than in 1993. In 1973 the percentage of full-time males increased massively before age 25, when the percentage leveled off at 90%-95% until age 55, which was then followed by a dramatic decrease. The graph for 1993 shared the
48、 same tendency, while the percentage began to plummet at the age of 45, ten years earlier than in 1973.,As for full-time females, before age 25 there were more women participating in full-time employment in 1973, while after that age 1993 saw more women. In 1973, the percentage was 47% at age 15 and
49、 soon reached a peak of 55% at age 20, which was followed by a dramatic drop until age 25. The figure continued to decline to 28% until age 30, when there was a gradual increase afterwards. However, after age 45, full-time females again declined. A similar trend was seen in 1993. Nevertheless, at ag
50、e 15, only 20% of females participated in full-time employment in 1993, 27% less than in 1973.,As to part-time employment, in 1993 both males and females outnumbered their counterparts in 1973 by 10-20%, which was obviously distinct with full-time employment. For males, in 1993, the percentage slump
