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1、,Summary,It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.,What is a summary?,1. No commentsDont share your own opinion about the issue.,2. No detailsOmit detailed information, examples and dialogues.,3. No copyingDont copy the original senten
2、ces.Condense（缩写）sentences.,4. CoherenceUse the shortest possible transitions,like however,besides,because etc.,5. Number of wordsWrite in about 60 words(40-80).,Tips: Ways of condensation,He knew English well.,He received a(n)_welcome.,icy,Hurry up _ youll miss the train.,Mary asked Jerry not to put
3、 too much salt on his food.,or,Summary Passage A,complain,Reading and understanding,Narration,What is the style of Passage A?,Argumentation,Exposition (说明文),Read for the structure.,a strong statement of opinion,supporting evidence,the topic sentence,supporting sentences,Practice: summary writing,Ste
4、p one,Find the topic sentence in Para 1,Step two,Underline the supporting sentences in Para 2，3 and 4,Step three,Summarize it in your own words, using transitions to make it coherent.,1,There are times when nothing seems to be working in our favor. We may use complaining as a coping mechanism when w
5、e are truly unhappy. However, there are many times when we dont try our best and just want things to work our way. We may try to cover our faults by complaining about the unfairness of it all. These are expressive complaints where the complainer just wants to let out his/her anger or frustration, wi
6、th no real intention of solving the problem. The complainer expects pity and recognition from the listeners although the results often disappoint him/her.,Sometimes people use complaining to let out bad feelings instead of solving problems.,summarize Para1,2,Sometimes, we use complaints as a convers
7、ation starter. Conversations that start with a complaint often have a domino effect. It may cause the listener to include his/her complaints in the conversation as well, which makes you think that you are not the only one facing problems. However, your good feeling wont last long as long as you are
8、always focusing on the negative.,It wont make you happy because you always focus on the negative.,summarize Para 2,3,When complaining becomes a habit, you complain to anyone that comes around. Negativity that comes from complaining kills creativity and innovation (创新). Habitual complainers are less
9、likely to come up with new ideas, as they are busy finding faults and discourage others from trying new things by making them feel that they wont work. When you spend time with people who constantly complain, you are likely to view things in a negative light. This will make things worse. This can af
10、fect the way you perceive your own situation, and even the people around you.,Hanging out with habitual complainers may affect the way you see things in a negative pespective, which can also kill your creativity.,summarize Para 3,4,Though expressing your feelings may momentarily improve your state o
11、f mind, it could sometimes have a bad effect on the listeners state of mind. A recent study has shown that at social gatherings while people who are unhappy may join you when you play the victim at the beginning, the majority would start avoiding you because of your negativity.,People usually try to
12、 avoid a person who is always complaining.,summarize Para 4,supporting evidence.(Para 2，3&4) , your good feeling wont last long as long as you are always focusing on the negative.Negativity that comes from complaining kills creativity and innovation.When you spend time with people who constantly com
13、plain, you are likely to view things in a negative light. , the majority would start avoiding you because of your negativity. The key words:complainnegative/negativity,negative.,Negativity,negative,negativity.,complaining.,complain,What do you think of the two summaries of Passage A ? According to t
14、he criteria,give your comments.,We may complain when we are unhappy. The complainer hopes that listeners can show pity to him, but the results are often unsatisfactory. If people always complain, they cant think of creative ideas, as they are devoted to finding faults and discourage others from tryi
15、ng something new. Meanwhile, when you talk with people who always complain, you may be influenced and view things negatively. Though expressing your feelings may momentarily improve your state of mind, it could sometimes have a bad effect on the listeners state of mind.,Sample 1,4.copy the original
16、sentence,1.more than 80 words,2.tedious,3.contain detailed information,We may complain when we are unhappy. We expect others pity and recognition. We cant feel truly happy when we always think in a negative way. If you are used to complaining in your conversation, listeners may also view things nega
17、tively. They will finally avoid you. I think we shouldnt always complain to others when things dont go smoothly.,lack coherence,contain a subjective comment,Sample 2,Sometimes people use complaining to let out bad feelings instead of solving problems. _, it wont make you happy because you always foc
18、us on the negative. _, hanging out with habitual complainers may affect the way you see things in a negative pespective which can also kill your creativity. And people usually try to avoid a person who is always complaining.,Possible version :,However,Besides,Using what we have learnt today write your own summary.,Criteria,Brief-about 60 words,Complete,thorough,original,Coherent,Homework,Give comments on your deskmates summary according to the criteria.Read Passage B in your work sheet and write a summary of about 60 words for it using what we have learned in this class.,Thank you !,
