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1、代 词,( pron.),代词,人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,疑问代词,主格,宾格,形容词性,名词性,不定代词,this that these those,who whom whose what which,普通不定代词复合不定代词,一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词一表清,（一）人称代词的语序：,单数形式：（二、三、一） 即：you/ he/ I You, she and I all enjoy the music. 复数形式：（一、二、三） 即；we/ you/ they,（二）、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,These books arent ours. Ours are n
2、ew. (our books = ours)This is not our room. Ours is over there. (our room = ours),“of +名词性物主代词”表示所属 A sister of his is a nurse. 他的一个妹妹是个护士。 Tom is a friend of mine 我的一个朋友,1. She is a friend of _. A. my B. mine C. I2. This isnt my pen ,it is _. A. her B. his C. him3. Frank cant find _ dictionary . Ca
3、n you lend _ to _? A. her , mine , her B. / , yours , he C. his , yours , him,二、it的用法,it既是宾格又可以做主格，有时也可以指人。1. 代表前面提到过的事物。如： My pen is missing. I cant find it anywhere.2. 用来指人，主要指婴儿或者身份不明的人。 -Who is knocking at the door? -It is me. The woman had a baby. It was five months old.,二、it的用法,3. 表示时间、距离、天气等。
4、如： It will be sunny tomorrow.4. 作形式主语或者形式宾语。如： I found it difficult to learn English well first. It is impossible for us to learn a foreign language.,it 固定句型1. 做某事情对某人来说是 It is + adj. (+for sb.) +to do sth. It is hard for me to do this work.2. 轮到某人做 Its ones turn to do sth. Its your turn to clean th
5、e room.3. 是（某人）做某事的时候了 Its time (for sb.) to do sth.Its time for you to do the homework.4. 据说 Its said that Its said that your teacher leave our school.,5. 某人花费做某事 It takes sb. some time to do sth.6. 自从以来，已经有（时间）了。 It is / has been + 时段 + since + 从句(过去时)7. 某人发现/认为/感觉到做某事是的 find sb. think feel,+ it +
6、 adj. to do,I found _ very difficult to make progress in my study . A. its B. it C. that2. It _ my father a whole month to go on business . A. spent B. cost C. took3. It is great fun _ surfing on the Internet . A. go B. to go C. going,三、反身代词的用法,定义：反身代词又称自身代词，由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词和第三人称人称代词宾格，单数加词尾self、复
7、数加词尾selves 构成，可用口诀简记如下：反身代词表自身，self与selves单数、复分。 一、二人称形代后，第三人称改用宾。,三、反身代词的用法,（一）作动词的宾语反身代词可以与enjoy, hurt, teach, look after等词连用，表明动作的承受者就是主语本身。1. enjoy oneself = have a good time Did you enjoy yourself at the party last night?2. help oneself (to sth.) 随便吃点什么，后面可接食物，一般用在宴会当中，用来招呼客人的用语。 Help yourselve
8、s to some fruit, children.,三、反身代词的用法,3. hurt oneself 伤着自己 She didnt hurt herself.4. teach oneself = learn by oneself自学 Did you teach yourself English ?= Did you learn English by yourself?5. look after oneself 照顾自己 I can look after myself well, thanks.,三、反身代词的用法,6. say to oneself自言自语 Mary said to her
9、self, “ What shall I do?”7. come to oneself苏醒 Soon the lady came to herself.8. make oneself + 过去分词，使自己被别人 She did her best to make herself understood.,9. make yourself at home别客气，让自己像在家一样 Help yourself to some fish. Make yourself at home.10. lose oneself in沉浸于陶醉于 They both lost themselves in the bea
10、utiful music.,三、反身代词的用法,（二） 反身代词和介词连用构成介词宾语1. by oneself = alone自己做 She has done her homework by herself.2. for oneself为自己 She made the skirt for herself.3. of oneself自然而然的、自动的 The door opened of itself.4. among themselves在他们中间 They are discussing the matter among themselves.,三、反身代词的用法,（三）作表语反身代词可与b
11、e动词或系动词连用，表示或描述一种感觉、情绪或状态。 The little boy was myself.（四）用作主语或宾语的同位语，往往用来加强名词或代词的语气，在句中可置于名词、代词之前、之后或句子末尾。1. 作主语的同位语 You will have to do it yourself. He himself wrote the words and music of the songs.2.作宾语的同位语 I will give the letter to your brother himself. Youd better ask Mary herself about it.,The
12、man is rich , he can buy _ a lot of things . A. he B. his C. himself2. - What a lovely card ! Where did you buy it? - I made it by _. A. me B. myself C. itself3. “Help _ to some chicken ,”my mother said to the guests. A. yourself B. yourselves C. your,四、指示代词this/ that/ these/ those,指示代词(this, that,
13、these, those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语：This is yours and that is mine. I like these and he likes those. These computers are cheap. What I want to say is this.,this 与 that用法比较1. 用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用 this：She married Jim, and this that surprised me. I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我
14、想知道这一点：他是否很健康。2. 在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指对方：Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?,表替代的that 与 those有时为了避免重复，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population)His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的观点接近
15、社会党的观点。(those = the views),That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较： He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人） He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）,指示代词, The population of Shanghai i
16、s larger than _ of Jinan. A. that B. this C. it The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in Qingdao. A. that B. these C. those What I want to tell you is _the film will be at eight. A. it B. this C. that,【辨析】one, it, that it 常用来特指上下文提到的同一事物，用来指可数名词或者不可数名词，one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一份子，用于代替可数名词，that常用
17、在比较等级中，代表前面提到的名词，以避免重复。The book is mine. It is very interesting.I have some apples. You can have one.The weather of Dalian is much wetter than that of Lanzhou.,one it, The box is in the middle of the room. Move _ away. A. it B. one C. / I have lost my pen. I have to buy _. A. one B. it C. / How nice
18、 your bag is! I want to buy _. A. it B. one C. /,one 同类不同件it 同类同件,五、不定代词some, any, each, every, both, neither, all, none等,（一）some 与 anysome一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个” ,可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿),some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Woul
19、d you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？) May I ask some questions? 我可以问问题吗？ Could I have some apples? 我可以吃苹果吗？ Will you give me some water? 你能给我些水吗？,any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：They didnt have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？)any 用于肯定句
20、时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。),（二）many&muchmany意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如：I dont have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失) We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多),many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot o
21、f 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)They havent got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做) There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。),名词修饰语一览表,（三）a few, a little, few, little,Although all the girls have tried their best , only _ pass
22、the exam. A. few B. a few C. a little2. Dont worry .There is _ time left . A. little B. a little C. few3. You are so great! _ people in the school can do it . A. A little B. Little C. Few,Each与every都有“每个”的意思 each既可用作形容词，又可用作代词，在句中可以作定语，主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。例如： 1.Each student has his own dictionary . （形容词，定
23、语） 2.Each has his good point . （代词，主语） 3.Our headteacher had a talk with each of us . （代词，宾语） 4.The students each have a desk . （代词，同位语，不影响谓语动词的单复数） 5.The children can have a bag each . （副词，状语） every却只有形容词词性，不可单独使用。,each与every都可用作形容词，在句中作定语，但each更强调个人或个别，every更强调全体或全部。every和each作定语时，后面加单数名词。比较： I kn
24、ow each member of your family . 我认识你们家的每个成员。 I know every member of your family . 我认识你们家的每个成员。,each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物的“全体”，与all的意思相近。试译： 这条街上每边都有很多商店。 There are many shops on each side of the street . （不用every） 我给她父母每人一件礼物。 I gave a present to each of her parents .,each 单独作主语或each、eve
25、ry修饰的单数名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数形式，但each of them作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数形式都可以。例如： Each / Each person / Every person is living a happy life now . 人人都过着幸福生活。 Each of them are / is wearing full dress . 他们个个都身着盛装。,every可以与not连用构成部分否定，意思是“并不/非人人”，而each则不可以与not连用。全部否定是no one ，意思是“个个都不”、“没有人”等。例如： Every one of them doesnt lik
26、e the TV play . 并非人人都喜欢电视剧 部分否定 No one likes the TV play . 完全否定,表示“每隔”、“每”，要用“every基数词复数名词”。这种结构中的every不能用each替代。例如： Theyll choose one out of every ten girls . We hand in our homework every three days .,each every, I gave them _ an apple. A. every B. each C. each of There is a line of trees on _ sid
27、e of the street. Aevery Beach Cboth She goes shopping _ five days. A. every B. each C. each of 他隔天来这里。 He came here _ day.,every other,each和every,“每一个”each=every,She knows each student of the class.她认识班级中的每个学生。,She knows every student of the class.她认识班级中的所有学生。,Each of them doesnt smoke.每个人都不吸烟。,ever
28、y却只有形容词词性，不可单独使用。,each作代词，与of连用,重于个体,强调整体,(五)both/either/neither both “（两者）都”,作主语时看作复数；作定语时后跟名词复数 My parents are both teachers. =Both of my parents are teachers. neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 Neither answer is right.,either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 There are trees on e
29、ither side of the street. = There are trees on both sides of the street.,有关词组及应用 both of/either of/neither of Both of them swim well. 他们俩都游得很好。 Either of you goes to Beijing. 你们俩随便谁去北京都可以。 Neither of them stopped to have a rest. 他们俩谁都不停下来休息。, _ of the girls _ him. They asked him for name card. A. Ne
30、ither; know B. Either; know C. Neither; knows Both of his parents _ teachers. A. is B. are C. was Both of his brothers _ in this hospital, but neither of them _ a doctor. A. works; is B. work; is C. work; are,either neither both,bothand（谓语动词用复数形式） eitheror/neithernor(谓语动词遵循就近原则) Both Tom and Lucy ar
31、e in Grade Two. Tom 和 Lucy 都在二年级。 Either my father or my mother cooks at home. 或者我爸爸或者我妈妈在家烧饭。 Neither he nor I am free today. 我和他今天都没空。,either neither both, Either Tom or the twins _ the way to the shop. A. know B. knows C. finds Neither you nor I _ a scientist. A. is B. are C. am Both Tom and Mary
32、 _ hard. A. studies B. study C. studying,The students are all from Foshan . They _ like their city . A. both B. all C. either Lucy and Lily _ agree with us. A. all B. both C. neither How are your parents ? They are _ fine. A. both B. all C. no,all/none all “(全部)都”,表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时,一般放在连系动词、助动词之后,行为动词
33、之前 We are all from Canada. They all like English. none “没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of（谓语动词单、复数均可） none能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) None of us is/are afraid of dogs.I have many books, but none is interesting,all 和both用于否定时表示部分否定。All flow
34、ers in his garden are not red.他花园里的花并非都是红色的。Both (of them) are not my brothers.他们两个之中，只有一个是我的兄弟。另外，表示部分否定的词还有every (everyone)。Every man can not be a poet.并非人人都可以成为诗人。Both of my parents are teachers. (改为否定句) _ of my parents _ a teacher.,none no one nothing,none和no one意思相近，但用法有所区别none是all的反义词，意为“没有人；没
35、有什么东西；一个也不”，既可以指人，也可以指物，它与of连用修饰名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数。no one意为“没有人”，只能指人，不能与of连用，作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如： None of the money on the table is mine. 桌子上的钱没有一分是我的。 None of us enjoys / enjoy getting up early. 我们没人喜欢早起。 No one likes her. 没人喜欢她。 No one knows how to do the work. 没有人知道怎样做那项工作。,另外，需要注意的是：回答how
36、 many 引起的特殊疑问句时要用 none；回答 who 引起的特殊疑问句时要用 no one。例如： (1) How many birds are there in the tree? 树上有多少只鸟？ None. 一只也没有。 (2) Who is in the classroom? 谁在教室里？ No one. 谁都不在。（一个人也没有）,none1)可与of连用；2)谓语动词用单或复数；3)具体指什么人或物；4)一般用来回答how many +n,how much +n及含any+n引起的疑问句。请看：1)None of us have/has seen him.2)How many
37、 students are there in the room? None.3)Is there any water in the thermos? None.4)How much money do you have on you? None.,no one1)不与of连用；2)谓语动词用单数；3)只能指人，但不具体指什么人；4)一般用来回答who,及含anyone,anybody引起的疑问句。如： 1)No one like a person with bad manners. 2)Who is in the room? No one. 3)Is there anyone in the ro
38、om? No one.,nothing1)指物；2)谓语用单数；3)一般用来回答含anything的一般问句及what引起的特殊问句。请看：1)What is in the box? Nothing.2)Is there anything in thesky? Nothing.3)Can you see anything without glasses? Nothing.,none no one, How many people are there in the room? _. A. None B. No one C. Lucy Who is in the room? _. A. None
39、B. No one C. one None of them _ China. A. come from B. is from C. is come from,another/otheranother 常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示“又、再、还”。 I dont want this coat. Please show me another(one). other表示泛指，意为“另外的、其它的”。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。 Do you have any other questions?,the other/others/
40、the others (one.)the other 1. 特指两个中的另一个 He has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a doctor. 2. 修饰名词，特指另一个、另一些 Tom likes swimming, and the other boys in his class like swimming, too.,others泛指其他的人或物 He often helps others. Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.the others 特指确定范围内
41、剩下的全部人或物 There are fifty students in our class. Twenty of them are girls, the others are boys.,六、复合不定代词,六、复合不定代词,注：1. 这些词后一般都不可接of短语。2. 这些词一般没有词形变化，但以-one或-body结尾的词能带所有格词尾。如：Everyones life was in danger. 3. 这些词修饰形容词或者副词时，形容词或者副词都需要后置。4. 这些复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。5. 在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分的主语是everybody，someone等指人的复
42、合代词时，疑问部分的主语往往用they，也可以用he；若陈述部分的主语是anything， nothing等指物的复合代词时，疑问部分的主语用it。如： Everyone knows this, doesnt he/ dont they? Everything seems all right, doesnt it ?,none、noone、nobody、nothingnoone/nobody常用来指人，作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式；nothing常用来指物，作主语时谓语动词也要用单数形式；none可指人也可指物，作主语时，如和of连用指不可数名词时，谓语动词要用单数形式；指可数名词时，谓语动词
43、用单、复数均可。如：Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.Nothingisdifficultintheworldifyouputyourheartintoit.Noneofthemhas/haveseenmebefore.Noneofthismoneybelongstome.,注意：1）none可与of连用表示范围，而noone/nobody及nothing不可。2）none可用来回答Howmany/much？的特殊疑问句；而noone/nobody及nothing则分别用来回答Who？和What？的特殊疑问句。如：Howmanybirdsarethereinthe
44、tree？None.Whatisinthebox？Nothing.Whoisintheclassroom？Noone/Nobody.,3）none可用来回答“any+名词”构成的一般疑问句：而nobody和nothing则分别用来回答由anybody和anything构成的一般疑问句。如Isthereanybreadleft？No，noneatall.Isthereanythinginthesky？No，nothing.4）none可用来指代前面提到过的人或物；如无指代时可用noone/nobody及nothing.如Wehadthreecatsoncenoneofthemisalivenow
45、.,七、相互代词each other; one another.,1. who，whom都表示“谁”，作主语时用who，作宾语时用whom。Who在特殊疑问句中可以替换whom，但当疑问词作介词宾语时，且介词又置于句首时，只能用whom。 With whom did you talk just now? Who (whom) are you waiting for?,2. 关于what与whichwhat意为“什么”，而which意为“哪一个”。前者问得宽泛，后者问得具体，有明显限定性的选择范围。如：What did he say? （宽泛）他说什么？Which do you like bet
46、ter, apple or banana? 你更喜欢哪一种，是苹果还是香蕉？which, what在特殊疑问句作定语时，后面必须紧跟一个名词。 What class are you in?,3.which和whowhich指人或事物，可以作主语和宾语。which选择的对象是有范围限制的，回答通常为一个。而who选择的对象是没有范围限制的，回答可指一人，也可指几个人。如：一Which country are you from? 你来自哪个国家？一I am from china. 我来自中国。一Who will come to meet her? 谁将去接她？一Li Xin and Mary. 李
47、欣和玛丽。,4.关于who与whatwho只能指人，用于询问别人的身份等，可以作主语和表语。what可以作主语、宾语和表语，一般指事物，有时也可以指人，用于询问别人的职业。如：一Who is the girl in red? 那个穿红衣服的女孩是谁？一She is My friend. 她是我的朋友。一What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？He is a teacher. 他是个教师。,5.关于whose与whomwhose是who的所有格，通常用作定语。whom是who的宾格，用作动词或介词的宾语。如：Whose house is far from school? 谁的
48、家离学校远？Who(m)did you lend that magazine to? (= To whom did you lend this magazine? )你把那本杂志借给谁了？,关系代词,This is the doctor who came here yesterday.The man whom you saw last week has left the town.I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.The room which you can see by the river is a reading room.,关系代词关系
49、代词主要有who, whom，whose, that, which等。用来引导定语从句，在意义上代表定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，同时又在定语从句中担任一个成分，可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。关系代词的主要用法有：1.who, whom和whose在从句中可以分别作主语、宾语、和定语。如：The boy who is sitting next to Tom is his brother. The woman whom he married was rich. My dog whose name is Ted is growing fast.,2.which代表事物，在从句中可以作主语或宾语。如：T
50、his is the book which cost me ten dollars. 3.that代表人或物，但只可用于限制性定语从句中，作主语或宾语。并常可代替who, whom或which。如：We handed it to the worker that/who stood by the door. 我们把它交给了站在门口的那个人。The coat that/which she washed yesterday is still wet. 她昨天洗的上衣还是湿的。,练习一：单项选择,1. Please send_ best wishes to Mary. A. I B. me C. my
