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1、1. 逻辑引申logic2. 语用引申pragmatic 3. 修辞引申rhetoric device4. 概念范围的调整category,英汉翻译中词义的引申Extension,具体抽象 turn thumbs down on sth 反对put ones cards on the table 表露观点,抽象具体very timid 非常胆小胆小如鼠very anxious to return home 回家心切归心似箭,具体抽象break the ice打破僵局 get the green light 得到许可,抽象具体have not cut off relations complete
2、ly没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连accelerate the speed; speed up快上加快快马加鞭,具体抽象,I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。Please dont wake a sleeping dog.请不要惹是生非。,具体抽象,He thinks by all his fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isnt deceived.他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没
3、有受骗。,抽象具体,He is the admiration of the whole school。他是全校所敬佩的人。That girl is a very subtle study psychologically.那女孩是研究微妙心理的好对象。,抽象具体,It was not only writers, you know, it was a thoroughly representative gathering-science, politics, business, art, the world .你知道，那不仅是作家，而是科学界、政界、商业界、艺术界和其他各界人士代表的一个集会。,何
4、谓引申,定义：引申法，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合译语习惯的表达法，选用确切的译语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。分类：逻辑引申；语用引申；修辞引申；概念范围的调整,1.逻辑引申,是指在翻译的过程中，由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其本义出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。,逻辑引申,Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, b
5、ringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.我们唯一的信念就是要适应购买者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。,逻辑引申,You remind me very much of Lenin, whom I met in this building fifty-two years ago. （视角转换）我觉得你很像列宁，52年前，我就是在这座大厦里同他见面的。,逻辑引申,In fact, one moul
6、d can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out.事实上，一个模子生产成千上万件产品之后才会破坏。,逻辑引申,All services in business such as gift wrapping, delivery, and credit have some amount of costs associated with them, and these costs must be covered by higher prices.商业中所有的服务诸如礼品包装、送货以及赊帐都有相应的成本，而这些成本要靠较高的价格来弥
7、补。,2. 语用引申,定义：把原文里的弦外之音（implication）补译出来，就属于语用学引申的手法。语用学是非语义学的语义研究。这种非语义学的语用意义，一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示，它是非规约性的、潜在的；受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义，换句话说，它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景，从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。,2. 语用引申,The new father wore a proud smile. 刚做了父亲的那个人面带着得意的笑容。Cleverer heads than mine might have seen his drift (动向，趋势).比我聪明的人，才弄得懂他葫芦
8、里卖的是什么药。,语用引申,Words once reserved for restroom walls are now common stuff in films, plays, books and even on television.曾经是不登大雅之堂的言语，如今充斥于电影、戏剧、书籍之中，甚至充斥在电视上。,语用引申,He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death.他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关
9、的事。,3. 修辞引申,原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。,3. 修辞引申,Simile 明喻as busy as bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌as brave as lion 像狮子一样勇猛as black as crow 像乌鸦一般黑 as sharp as knife 像刀一样锋利,修辞引申,Advice and correction roll off him like water
10、 off a ducks back.劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的(不起作用)。,修辞引申,He said: “ If one has anything to say, it drops from him simply and directly as a stone falls to the ground.” 他说：“如果一个人要说什么，就应像竹筒倒豆子那样直截了当地说出来。”,修辞引申,Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.（as dumb as an oyster. ）史密斯先生可以当个好
11、秘书，因为他守口如瓶。,修辞引申,A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled (自由自在)nature as a last refuge from encroaching (侵占，蚕食)technology.许多人都想向往回归自然，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。,a fly in the ointment（药膏）一只老鼠坏了一锅汤you cant make bricks without straw巧妇难为无米之炊 坯,Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General a
12、nd blood was to change to milk and water. 在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶。,修辞引申,Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，(见不得人的事家家有。),修辞引申,See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.从那以后的四个星期内，消息时
13、而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。,4. 概念范围的调整,词的概念范围常常应在具体的语境中加以调整，或扩大外延而缩小内涵，或缩小外延而丰富内涵。Peotry suffers in translationand the reader suffers with it.诗歌经过翻译就要遭殃诗歌遭殃，读者就要跟着受罪。,4. 概念范围的调整,Torcello, which used to be lonely as a cloud, has recently become an outing from Venice.托切罗往日如一片孤云，冷冷清清，近来却成了威尼斯外围
14、的游览区。 How they bow to that Cleole because of her hundred thousand pounds!瞧她们对那个克里奥尔人奉承讨好的样儿，还不是为着她有成千上万的财产！,限时抢答,Torcello, which used to be lonely as a cloud, has recently become an outing from Venice.托切罗往日如一片孤云，冷冷清清，近来却成了威尼斯外围的游览区。 How they bow to that Cleole because of her hundred thousand pounds!瞧她们对那个克里奥尔人奉承讨好的样儿，还不是为着她有成千上万的财产！,
