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1、Past perfect tense,The present perfect tense:,Have / has + the past participle,I have received a letter from Lily recently.,Has he handed in her homework yet?,He has just gone to Beijing.,They have never been to the USA.,We have lived here for ten years.,past perfect tense,过去完成时由had +过去分词构成 表示过去的过去生
2、的动作,构成方式:,肯定句: had+动词的过去分词,否定句: had not+ 过去分词,一般疑问句:had+ 主语+ 过去分词,肯定回答: Yes, 主语+ had. 否定回答: No, 主语+ hadnt.,基本用法:,1. 过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验.,(1) 我说自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰 而生气.,(2) 我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.,I said mother had been angry about your laziness since we moved here.,The film had begun bef
3、ore we got to the cinema.,2. 过去完成时常和by或since, for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用,但必须要与一个表示过去时的动作相对照.,1. 他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年.,2. 当Millie到达电影院的时候, 电影已经开始了半个小时了.,3. 自从他离开南京我们就一直没有见过面.,He had worked in that school for three years before he came to our school.,The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie go
4、t to the cinema.,We hadnt seen each other since he left Nanjing.,例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. He _ in Shanghai University for four years before he _ Beijing. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone,解析：他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。,3.在told, said
5、, knew, heard, thought等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。1. 她说她从来没有去过巴黎。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.2. 我觉得我以前见过他。I thought that I had seen him before.3. Tom说他借了这本书两周了。Tom said he had borrowed the book for 2 weeks.,kept,过去完成时常用句型：一、主语+过去完成时+whenbefore引导的从句(从句谓语动词为过去式) Tomwassurprisedthatmostofthegu
6、ests_ whenhe_ attheparty. A.left;hadarrivedB.left;arrivedC.hadleft;hadarrived D.hadleft;arrived,1. 我在你回来之前就已经把晚饭准备好了.,2. 当我赶到学校时, 已经开始上课了.,3. 在我到家之前他已经走了.,I had finished cooking dinner before you came back.,The class had begun when I got to school.,He had left before I got home.,二、主语+过去完成时+by短语(by l
7、ast year, by the end of)引导的时间状语表示出来。例如：By the end of last year, we had achieved great success in this research.We _ fourthousandnewwordsbytheendoflastyear.A.hadlearnedB.havelearned C.learnedD.willhavelearned根据by短语中的lastyear得知, 正确选项为A。,三、主语+过去完成时+bythetime引导的从句(从句谓语动词为过去式)。例如:Hehadalreadybuilthisownl
8、ab bythetimehewasten. 到十岁时, 他已经建起了自己的实验室。,四、Itwas+一段时间+since+主语+过去完成时。 例如:Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.I saidthatitwasatleasttenyearssinceI _ agooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoying C.enjoyed D.hadbeenenjoying,2. Mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink. A. enjoyed B. was enjoyin
9、g C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy,试作比较：,昨天我见到王先生了自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。I saw Mr. Wang yesterday. We had not seen each other since he left Beijing.自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。 We have not seen each other since he left Beijing.,试比较：1. 我在这工作已经五年了。2. 到2005年8月，我在这工作已经五年了。,过去完成时与现在完成时的区别,现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去, 但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影
10、响,与现在有关. 其结构为”助动词have/has+过去分词”; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态, 它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调”过去的过去”,只有和过去的某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它.,到目前为止我已经学会了3000个单词.,到那时我已经学会了3000个英语单词.,I have learned 3000 English words so far.,I had learned 3000 English words till then.,过去完成时与一般过去时的区别,1. 时间状语不同过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间They had arrive
11、d at the station by ten yesterday. (说明不到点就在车站了）They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.(说明是在点到车站的）,2) 在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时,I had finished my homework before my mother came back.,在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。,) 当两个或两个以上过去的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序只需用一般过去时He entered the room,
12、 turned on the light and read an evening paper.,More practice,When I arrived there, they_(leave) already.The film_(start),when we got to the cinema.I _(read) the book before I started school.They thought that they_(try) their best.,had left,had started,had read,had tried,选择填空( )1.- “Did you see Tom
13、at the party?”-“No, Mary told me that he _ by the time I got there.” A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left( )2. He said that he _ his lunch yet. A. hadnt had B. hasnt had C. wouldnt have D. was having( )3. By the end of last year we _ each other for ten years. A. have known B. knew C. were
14、knowing D. had known( )4. I saw Li Lei yesterday. We hadnt seen each other _ I left Beijing. A. after B. before C. since D. until,c,A,D,c,（2012重庆卷）-kevin,you look worried. Anything wrong?-Well, I_ a test and Im waiting for the result. A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take根据答语的后半句可知，现在Kevin正在等待测试
15、的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。因此，正确答案为B选项。一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，也可表示过去某段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。其标志性状语常为in the past, yesterday, just now, the day before,（2012湖南卷）-I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?- Sorry, I the piano for years.dont play B. wasnt playing C. havent pl
16、ayed D. hadnt played句意：抱歉，我好多年都没有弹钢琴了。现在完成时在此表示从好多年前算起到说话的时候为止的（否定）状态的持续，所以选C。,（2012天津卷）12. The three of us _ around Europe for about a month last summer.A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel由last summer可知用一般过去时，A正确。,（2012浙江卷） Alvin, are you coming with us? Id love to, but someth
17、ing unexpected _ has come up B. was coming up C. had come upD. would come up根据句意：-艾琳，你要和我们一起去吗？-我想去，但是发生了点意外。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情到现在为止，且对现在造成了一定的影响，符合语境，故答案选。，过去进行时，表示过去某段时间正在进行的的动作或所处的状态；，过去完成时表示过去的过去；，过去将来时表示过去将来要发生的事情，均不符合语境，故排除。,（2012浙江卷）Peter had intended to take a job in business, but _that plan
18、after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.A. had abandoned B. abandoned C. abandon D. will abandon根据but提示，是并列句，故前后时态一致。与had intended相呼应，可知此空应在表示过去时的范围选择，由此排除C、D选项。且abandon动作只是陈述了过去所发生的一件事而已，没有在intend之前，故排除A选项（过去的过去），由此可知答案B符合文意。一般过去时表示对过去所发生的一件事情的简单陈述而已。,（辽宁卷）33Jack is a great talker. Its hi
19、gh time that he something instead of just talking. A. will do B. has done C. do D. did 在句型 “Its high/ very time that”中， 从句中的谓语动词用did或should do.所以选D项。,（2012江苏卷） 32 The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he_ some European partners.A. would meet B. is meetingC. meets D. had met根据句中“i
20、s said to have arrived”可知，arrive这个动作是在过去发生的，而会面的动作则在arrive的动作之前发生的，即在过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时，故选D项。本题时态选择的关键是根据“is said to have arrived”可知，这一动作发生在过去，因此“会面”这个动作是在到达之前发生的，所以用过去完成时。,（2012全国新课标卷） I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers before my eyes.swim B. swum C. swam D. had swu
21、m前一分句用了过去完成进行时，由此可知叙述的是过去的情况，后一分句应用过去时描述做数学题的情况，所以答案为C。,（2012江苏卷）The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he_.A. has started B. startsC. startedD. will start句意为：这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。根据句意，总统开始上任是过去发生的动作，所以用一般过去时。故选C项。考生容易根据when he quits而误选B项。事实上when he quits中的q
22、uits是用了一般现在时来代替一般将来时。,（2012江西卷）Look! Somebody _the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.is cleaning B. was cleaningC. has cleaned D. had cleaned从后面的回答可以看出事情已经完成了，前面一句是着重谈对现在的影响，用现在完成时态，答案为C。句意：看，有人已经清理了沙发。恩，不是我，我没有做。此题中的Look一词是陷阱，很多学生如果不能准确理解上下文语境，很可能误选A或B。,（ 2012山东卷）After Jack had sent some e-mail
23、s, he _ working on his project. A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts 根据句中的两个动作的时间先后和前句中的after判断，start的动作应该是在send之后，send是“过去之过去”的动作，所以后面的动作应该用一般过去时,C正确。,（全国新课标卷）23Life is like walking in the snow, Granny used to say, because every step A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed本题叙述的是客观事实，所以用一般现在时，答案为C。但是做此题时，学生容易受used to say的影响误选D，其实引号中的时态才是解题的关键。,
