管理类联考翻译1 技巧综述课件.ppt

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1、translation,翻译的两个关键问题和三个要素,(一)两个关键问题1、理解不到位。 解决方法:从结构入手2、表达不通顺 解决方法:四个原则,五大基本句型:主+谓 I simled. 主+谓+宾 I like you. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart. 主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy. 主+系+表 You are so pretty.,英语句子结构,只要我们在分析句子的时候,先抓住句子的主干,就可以掌握本句的主要意思。然后再去分析其他的修饰成分,修饰成分包含:定语、状语、补语,以及插入语。 举例:(94年翻译72题) Over the ye

2、ars, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.方法:先找主干结构:主语、谓语、宾语、修饰成分参考译文:多年以来,工具和技术他们本身作为一个根本革新的源泉在很大程度上已经为历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。,举例:94年74题:Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to t

3、urn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.注意:两个That 参考译文:伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个把新发明的望远镜对准太空以证明行星是围绕太阳转而不是围绕地球转。,小结:,解决理解不到位的问题的根本和关键还是要看结构:简单句:主干结构,然后把相关的定语、状语以及插入语放在该放的位置。复杂句:根据连接词断句,然后分析各个从句的主干结构。,2、表达不通顺:,解决方法:四个原则

4、原则一:主干结构顺线走(主谓宾,主系表等结构顺序不能变)原则二:定语状语往前勾 (后置定语多前置,定语从句有特例,结果状语也特例)原则三:前因后果多主动(符合汉语的习惯)原则四:名词从句依序翻(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句),三类理解和翻译长难句的要素,1、第一类:词法(专有名词,代词,动词的习惯用法和多义词以及生词的翻译)专有名词:专有名词分为两类:第一类是人名、地名、组织机构名等等,Galileo 伽利略 家里裂Pearson 皮尔森第二类是某个专业的术语。the Big Bang,Bird Flu, Mad Cow Disease,Tornado,Hurricane,Typh

5、oon,B、代词this 这,that 那,it 它,them 他们C、动词的习惯用法:D、多义词School 学校,学院,学派比如说, the school of Aristotle; 亚里斯多德学派表面义不可靠,上下文重要E、熟词生义词set ,Invite,TellF、生词augment. v.增加, 增大n.增加 auction n.拍卖vt.拍卖。,2、第二类:考察一般性翻译技巧,包括词义选择,词序调整,词性转换,增词法等等(1)词义选择:You know a word by his company it keeps.“知人看伴,知词看文”。A man is known by the

6、 company he keeps.分析上下文。2)根据汉语习惯搭配选择词义。Delicate精致的,精巧的Delicate skin.细腻的肌肤 Delicate difference.细微的差别 Delicate diplomatic relation微妙的外交关系。(2)词序调整centralized control中央控制behavioral science行为科学natural selection自然选择the inflationary universe theory”膨胀宇宙理论宇宙膨胀说,(3)词性转换The emphasis on data gathered first-han

7、d对于收集第一手资料的强调强调收集第一手资料(4)增词法Look into the pas 观察过去的(东西,情况,事物,问题,景象)In evolution在进化过程里我们要在抽象词汇的翻译上要注意翻译时根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来使得译文更加具体和可读。如:问题,情况,状态,关系,东西,过程、结果等。,3、第三类:考察具体的句型的翻译方法。包括定语和定语从句,状语和状语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,并列结构,比较结构,省略结构,强调结构,插入结构,被动结构,形式主语,there be 句型等等。,(三)、中英文的五大差异,第一形合和意合第二方程和算术第三繁复和简洁

8、第四葡萄与竹节第五被动和主动第六变化和反复,第一形合和意合,句法、词汇、词义用前两种手段连接称为形合,(英语)用后一种手段连接称为意合。(汉语)举例:他不来,我不走。即:I wont go unless he comes. 或者我们说:I will stay until he comes. 再比如:马致远,天净沙.秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。,第二方程与算术,方程 X itIt is adj to do sth.Sb think it adj to do sth/ that It is easy to study english.They all r

9、egard it their duty to help the poor people.We find it difficult to learn without practicing.I dont think it very important that we should take part in the discussion.的是谁,It is said that the nationalist party will win the election this year.It is hoped that希望It is reported that据报道It is saidthat据说It

10、is supposed that据推测It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸张地说 It must be admitted that必须承认 It must be pointed out that必须指出It will be seen from this that由此可见习惯性假主语 It is asserteded that有人主张 It is believed that有人认为 It is generally considered that大家认为 It is well known that大家知道 It will be

11、said that有人会说 It was told that有人曾经说,第三英语多繁杂,汉语多简洁。,Mr. Song is my Chinese teacher who is fat, short, bald but still attractive.他是我的那个体态肥胖,身材矮小,头发掉光仍魅力无限的语文老师他是我们的语文教师,体态肥胖,身材矮小,头发掉光,但仍魅力四射。,第四 葡萄与竹节,学会使用英语的“葡萄串式”的扩展句结构:英语靠自己词形变化的曲折形式和发达的关联词语体系,句子可以造得长而不乱。汉语则讨厌过多使用连接词语,而是动词众多,善于并列、对仗、排比和叠用。所以也有人把汉语长句

12、结构比作“竹节串” 。汉语喜欢罗列细节在先,归纳总结信息重心在后。而英语则是先点明句意重心,然后再进行细节的说明。,One example:,I have a brother who is dressed in fashionable clothes which was made by an old tailor who was born in 1945 when here was a great war in which many countries took part in 我有一个,One poem:,诗歌版This is just to say I have eaten the plu

13、ms that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast forgive me they were delicious so sweet so cold William Carlos Williams,It was a great disappointment that I had to postpone my visit to China time and again for a number of reasons which I had planned this February. “我原打算今年

14、二月对贵国进行一次访问,但一拖再拖,后来一再搁置,这使我深感遗憾。”,The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就,这是我向往已久的。I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong con

15、tained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。,第五英语多被动,汉语多主动。,英语是喜欢用被动的么?英语被动句彰显, 汉语被仍然可以用“被”“受到”“得到”“加以”“得以”“为.所”“由来”“是的”动句隐含。 to be continued,第六英语多变化,汉语多重复,三、理解和翻译步骤 步骤分为四步:第一步:仔细阅读,划分结构第二步:推敲词义,理顺关系第三步:顺理成章,组合成文第四部:仔细核对,确保高分,四、定语的翻译方法,(一)前置定语直来直去(二)后置

16、定语 1. 简单的后置定语倒转乾坤 2.复杂的后置定语一拆为二 3.多重后置定语后浪推前浪,(一)前置定语直来直去,94年71题里的:ordinary things 普通的东西(事物)形容词作定语72题里的:scientific revolution 科技革命, 形容词作定语75题里的:Driving force 驱动力 现在分词作定语,(二)后置定语,1. 简单的后置定语倒转乾坤the information used 所使用的信息the qualities to be measured 所要测定的特征。2.复杂的后置定语一拆为二当一个单词或是词组的后置定语的意义和结构较为复杂的时候,我们把

17、它倒置放在被修饰的单词或是词组的前面显得过于臃肿,这时我们就要考虑把后置定语拆开单独翻译,这种方法我们称之为:一拆为二96年的71题:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.,Cause原因,起因,理由,理想,目标,事业reasonable的意思有“合理的,有道理的,自然而然的,

18、必然的a reasonable price 公平的价格a reasonable man 通情达理的人Consequences=results结果,后果particular advances特定的发展accelerating 加速的,促进的,self-abandoned 自暴自弃的, 放纵的self-adjusting 自动调节的self-aware 自知的,自明的,有自知之明的self-conceit 自负, 自大self-care 自顾self-deceiving 自欺的, 欺人的, 自欺欺人的self-defence 自卫self-devotion 献身, 自我牺牲self-respect

19、 自尊, 自重self-satisfied 自鸣得意的, 自满的self-serving自私的, 自私自利的 selfish,3.多重后置定语后浪推前浪比如大家看:the insights of great men of geniusthe evidence from experience concerning comparative validity part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.典型特征:A(中心词)+介词(of)+B+介词(of)+C+.翻译技巧:后浪推前浪天才伟人的真知灼见有关相对效度的经验证据义务与权利相交换的部分,99

20、年翻译题74There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。举例:the efforts of scientists and technolo

21、gists of all kinds:各种各样的科技工作者的努力。,五、定语从句的翻译技巧:,从句的类型:一是限制性定语从句,一类是非限定性定语从句He is a man whom you should not marry.He is my father, who love me a lot. 技巧:(一)前置法(二)单独成句(三)融合法,(一)前置法,当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单,或是较为简短时,我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。,03年翻译题61题:Furthermore, humans have t

22、he ability to modify the environment, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Furthermore 此外,而且Modify 修饰,修改,更改,改造subject 科目,对象,内容,主题subject to 使遭受,使承受Finging a job subjected me to great pressure. peculiar:独特的,特有的fancies爱好, 迷恋, 想象力,参考译文:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境/他们的生存环境,

23、/人类还有改变自己生存环境的能力。从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。,(二)单独成句,当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂,意义较为繁杂的时候,如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话,会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂,而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚,明明白白。所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来, 放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语。,2003年64) Taylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabil

24、ities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.Taylor人名,按照音译“泰勒”。defined culture as 将文化定义为that complex(复杂的,合成的,综合的) whole 一个复合体Whole,morals 道德,acquire:取得,获得Acquire,require,Inquire参考译文:泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。,2004年61题:The Greeks assumed that the structure of la

25、nguage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. assume v.假定,设想,承担,采用(assumption)consume vt.消耗, 消费, 消灭, 大吃大喝, 吸引vi.消灭, 毁灭consumer n.消费者resume n.摘要, 概略, 履历vt.再继续, 重新开始, 重新占用, 再用, 恢复reassume v.再假定presume vt.假定

26、, 假设, 认为presumption n.假定参考译文:希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程有着某种关系,这种观点在人们认识到语言的千差万别之前就在欧洲扎了根。,(三)融合法,把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,定语从句译成谓语。这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句,尤其是“there be”句型中。There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。There are many people who are interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。,2006年第二篇文章And there are t

27、he townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights. 结构:定语从句who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace

28、and the other sights. Live off:靠过日子,依赖的生活 =depend on参考译文:而且那里的小镇居民主要依靠游客为生,而那些游客不是来看戏,而是来看Ann Hathaway小屋、莎士比亚的诞生地以及其他的景点。,状语的翻译,1时间状语A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.当司机在开车时,不许和人说话,也不能走神2.原因状语He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who w

29、as now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无理,令人厌烦。,3.条件状语Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地需要工作,不管什么工作,只要它能够维持一家人的生计就行。4目的状语He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.为了证明他的观点,他正在收集确凿资料。,

30、2003年Text 2Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.结构:定语从句:whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.参考译文:科学家需

31、要对动物权利提倡者做出有力的反应,因为这些人的论点令公众感到迷惑,因此也威胁到了医疗知识和医疗保健的进步。(因果关系),小节:定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,当一个限定性那个定语从句结构和意义都将为简洁是,我们把它翻译成“的”放在先行词的前面,当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义都较为繁琐时,或者这个定语从句是非限定性定语从句的时候,我们通常要单独成句,这时大多时候需要重复先行词。有时,定语从句与主句之间有着特点的逻辑关系,比如转折,比如因果比如递进,我们翻译的时候也要注意把这种逻辑关系翻译出来。,六、插入语的翻译技巧:英语中的插入语表示说话人的态度和看法,解释或是说明整个句子而不是某

32、个词。插入结构与句中其他成分在语法上并无十分密切的关系,一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开,可以位于句首,句中,或是句尾。插入语可以是副词,形容词短语,介词短语,不定式短语,分词短语或者主谓结构等等。,被动句的翻译,几种方法处理被动结构。主宾颠倒直接译为主动句用“被”字来翻译,1、主宾颠倒,我们看什么叫主宾颠倒!就是说如果一个被动句中主语和宾语的被动关系非常明显,我们采取把被动结构中的原有的主语和宾语的关系颠倒过来得方法来翻译。首先看下这个例子:94年75题:复合句75) Whether 主语the Government 谓语should increase the financing of pure

33、 science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.whether or 是还是increase the financing of:增加对的资金投入,financepure science 纯理论科学at the expense of 由付费,以为代价vice versa 反之亦然 ,e.g. = for examplei.e. = that is,etc. = and so on, v.s. = opposite

34、参考译文:政府是应该以牺牲技术为代价增加对纯理论科学地投入,还是相反,这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。,2 直接译为主动句,2000年73题: Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for

35、 the reasons given above.Owing to由于,因为due to, because of, by reason of, in respect that,remarkable显著的,卓越的,非凡的mass-communications大众传媒 Expose 暴露,揭露,使收到的影响innovation改革,革新,创新。参考译文:由于大众通讯的显著发展,使得各地的人们不断感受到新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府不得不采取更进一步的革新措施。,3、 用被字来翻译,2004年Text 3Many consumers seem to have been inf

36、luenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.Stock-market swing 股票市场的动荡Ingredient:成分,因素Sustained :持续不变得,相同的Boom:繁荣,隆隆声参考译文:许多消费者似乎已经受到股票市场波动的影响,现在的投资者把这些波动看作是经济持续繁荣的一个必要因素。,被动结构翻译方法小结:英语中的被动句一般翻译成主动句,如果主语和宾语之间的主动和被动关系明显,则采用主宾颠倒的方式翻译;如果主语和宾语的主

37、动与被动关系不明显,则直接转化主动句,或者省略掉“被”字。但是有时候,仍然可以用“被”“受到”“得到”“加以”“得以”“为.所”“由来”“是的”等结构来翻译。,英语被动句的动机:,英汉语言语态上的差异英语:广泛使用被动语态汉语:较少使用被动语态,英语被动语态使用的情况:1 不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者The audience are requested to keep silent.请观众保持肃静。She was offered a job in a middle school.人家给她一个中学里的位置。,2 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题Clinton is expected to giv

38、e his testimony by videotape.克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。The scientific research plan has already been drawn up.科研计划已经拟出来了。The girl was criticized yesterday.这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。,3 无从说出动作的实行者是谁She was seen to go out of the room.人家看见她走出了那个房间。Youre wanted on the phone.你的电话。This rubbish is being disposed of.(有人)正在处理这些垃圾。,

39、4 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他出现在台上,观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成语言,而语言又影响了人的思想。,5 出于礼貌,使措辞得当,语气委婉Visitors are requested to show their tickets.来宾请出示入场券。Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.请旅客在此填写报关表。,

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