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1、连词,Conjunction,连词是一种虚词，起着连接作用，即连接词与词或句与句。在句子中不单独用作句子成分。,What is Conjunction ?,e.g. We may be leaving today or tomorrow. (连接词与词)Now I must go or I shall be late for the party. (连接句与句),连词数量有限，却很重要。以that为例：,1. That she should have ignored the realistic world was natural.她忽视现实世界是很自然的。（引导主语从句）2. He phone
2、d me that he wanted to see me.他给我打电话说想见我。（引导宾语从句）3. Your fault is that youre too careless.你的毛病是过于粗心。（引导表语从句）,连词数量有限，却很重要。以that为例：,4. He came to the decision that he must act at once.他决定马上行动。（引导同位语从句）5. I am hopeful that he will come.我希望他能来。（引导状语从句）6. Bring it closer that I may see better.拿近点让我看得清楚些。
3、（引导状语从句）,并列连词,What is Conjunction ?,连词,从属连词,连词按其性质可分为两类：,并列连词,并列连词表示连接的词，短语， 从句或句子之间具有并列关系。,并列连词,表平行关系,表转折关系,表选择关系,表因果关系,1.表示平行关系的连词：,and (和，而且) both and（和,两者都）neither nor（既不也不）not only but also(不但 而且)as well as (和, 也, 除外, 而且),祈使句后用and, 有条件句作用此时and= if you you will Study hard, and you will pass the
4、exam. Go straight, and you will see the library.,2. both and 既也, 两者都 （谓语用复数） Both you and Jim are from England. She can speak both French and English.3. neither nor 既不也不, 两者都不 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。 Neither I nor he likes this song.,并列连词,并列连词,4Not only but also不但而且 (就近原则) Not only the mother but
5、also the children are ill. He not only washed the clothes but also cleaned the room 5. as well as 与一样，也1) 用来连接并列的主语时，谓语动词要与前一主语保持一致 Helen as well as I is going to HK next week.2) 如as well as 前是不定式，那其后面也应是不定式，但to省略 Her mother asks her to do the housework as well as (to) look after her sister.,二，表示选择关
6、系的连词1. eitheror 要么要么 不是就是 (就近原则) Either you or I am going there tomorrow. She is either drunk or mad. Either you or she attends the meeting.2. or 还是，或者，否则 Is she a teacher or a student? Hurry up, or we will miss the bus.3. otherwise 否则 （可与or 互换） Get up quickly, otherwise you will be late for school.
7、,三，表示转折关系的连词but 但是 he is old, but he is very healthy.however 然而，但是，可放在句首，中，末， 通常用逗号隔开，作插入语。 My room is small, however, its very comfortable.while 然而，而 I am good at swimming while he is good at running.yet, 然而，可是 He studied hard, yet he fail the exam.,四，表示因果关系的连词so 因此，所以 （不能与because连用）therefore 因此，所以
8、 (比so正式，常与and连用)for 因为 与because的区别： for的句子重心在for前的分句，而because重心在because引导的从句 Its morning, for the birds are singing. （对，表推断的原因） Its morning, because the birds are singing. （错，因为鸟叫不是天亮的直接原因）但可以说the birds are singing because its morning.,注：在定语从句中主句与从句之间的连接词叫关系代词和关系连词。,从属连词,从属连词是用来连接主句和从句。 分为引导名词性从句的连词
9、和引导状语从句的连词。,从属连词,(1). that,whether,if ，在从句中不充当任何成 分.,(2). 连接代词 who, whom, which, what ，充当从句的主, 宾, 定, 表语等成分.,(3). 连接副词 when, where, how, why，充当从句的状语成分.,1. 引导名词性的从句时，连词又叫做连接词、连接代词和连接副词。,2.连接状语从句的连词,1.引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as, etc. 2.引导原因状语从句的：because, si
10、nce, as, etc.3.引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though)4.引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as 5.引导结果状语从句的：so that , such that 6.引导目的状语从句的：so that , in order that 7.引导比较状语从句的：as as , not so (as) as , than 8.引导方式状语从句的：as if ,1.引导时间状语从句的：when, while, as, before, after, until,
11、till等 when用来引导长时间的从句时， 从句中用短暂性动词；用来引导长时间的从句时，用持续性动词。当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，be动词可省略 When I got home, my family were already having dinner. （when表示点时间） When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in. （when表示时间段） When ( you are) in trouble, ask him for help.,从属连词,while用来引导延续性动作或状态的从句，强调主从句的动作同
12、时发生或持续。while通常表示一段时间，从句中要用持续性动词作谓语。 she fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成然而。 I am fond of English while he likes math.,as 引导的从句中多用表示动作的动词，不用be动词，且多是短暂性或发展变化的情况，可理解为“随着”as表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。 The thief was caught as/ when he was stealin
13、g in the supermarket.as表示 一边一边，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 They talked as they walked. as表示随着 As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer.,表示在之前或在之后， before & after Turn off the light before you leave. I often play computer after finishing my homework.表示自从，直到 since &until She has studied very hard sin
14、ce she came to our school.两者区别：1. till不能用于句首 2. 用在否定句中，表示直到才， 这个动作直到untill所表示的时候才发生。 Until you told me, I have no idea of it. Jim doesnt go to bed until/till his mother is back.表示一就 as soon as, once I will tell you as soon as I hear from her. Once you begin you must persist.,2.引导原因状语从句的: because, si
15、nce, as, forbecause 表直接原因，语气最强，用于回答why的问题，一般放在主句后，也可单独使用 I studied at home because I am tired.since 表示的原国是大家已知，或显然的，强调说话者和听者都知道，也可译为“既然” Since everyone is here, lets start.,as 表示的原因为大家已知，可译为由于，从句说明原因，主语说明结果 As its raining, we take a taxi to go home.for 表推测的原因，句子重心在for前的分句，也可以表示对主句的看法或解释。 It is going
16、 to rain, for its getting dark. He may be ill, for he is absent today.,1for 是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时，可位于句首。 【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished.2for 表示的是推断解释，because强调动作发生的直接原因。 It must have rained last night, for t
17、he ground is wet. (不可用because，因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因）,because 和for的区别,The day breaks, for the birds are singing. (不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因） He went to bed early, because he was tired (直接的理由) He must be tired, for he went to bed early. (间接的推断),because 和for的区别,3.引导条件状语从句的连词: if, unless, as long asif 如果，表示在某种条件下某
18、事会发生，也可以表虚拟或假设 If you ask him, we will help you. If I were you, I wont do that.as long as 只要 Nothing is impossible as long as we try. There isnt any orange in the bottle.,unless= if not, 表示反面条件，如果不、除非。 They will go tomorrow unless it rains. =（They will go tomorrow if it doesnt rain.） I wont let you
19、in unless you show me your pass.（= I wont let you in if you dont show me your pass. ）,4.引导目的状语从句的：in order that, so that1. in order that 为了，以便 They took a taxi in order that they could save time. 2. so that 为了，以便 I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.,5.引导结果状语从句的：so that, suchthat 1. so
20、 + 形/副 that I am so tired that I cant walk any longer. 2. such +名/短语 that It was such a warm day that we went out for a walk.,注意：such+a/an+形容词+单数名词结构 = so +形容词+a/an+单数名词结构 He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.,6.引导让步状语从句的：although, though
21、, even though, even ifalthough, though 虽然，纵然， 不能与but 连用， 但可与yet连用although 较正式，不可作副词 Although/though he is old, he is very healthy.though 较口语，可作副词，且放在句首，句末，意主为“不过，可是” It is hard work, I enjoy it, though.,even though, even if 即使，纵然，尽管，就算even though 尽管，即使， Even though he is poor, she loves him. even if
22、 即使，纵然，含有强烈的假设性 Even if he is poor, she loves him.,7、用于引导比较状语从句:asas和一样;not so/as as不如; than 比更;lessthan比更不; the morethe more 越越,8.引导方式状语从句的：as if ,as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句,as引导时间状语从句，意为“当时”。例如：As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. as引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.)另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.,you!,Thank,
