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1、英语句子,英语单词的词性：英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类,1.名词 n. 2.代词 pron. 3.形容词 adj. 4.副词 adv. 5.动词 v. 6.数词 num.7.冠词 art. 8.介词 prep. 9.连词 conj. 10.感叹词 int.,student 学生you 你happy 高兴的quickly 迅速地cut 砍、割three 三a 一个at 在.and, or, so, whileoh , oops,实词,虚词,非常重要的概念！,概述,句子是最高一级的语法单位，是建立在分句的基础上，它可能很短，很简单，也可能很长很复杂，因此句子的结构形式是千变万化的
2、，是无限的。而分句是建立在词组的基础上，其结构是比较划一的，是有限的，分句可分为独立分句或从属分句。我们所讲的“句子结构”、“句子类型”、“基本句型”都是简单（分）句。,1. 英语的句子成分,一个句子至少由两部分构成，即主语和谓语，它们是句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括：（1）宾语（包括双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语）；（2）表语；（3）定语（包括前置定语及后置定语）；（4）状语；（5）同位语（包括限制性同位语及非限制性同位语）；（6）补语；（7）呼语。,1. 英语的句子成分,一.主语：是一句话的中心，整句话都谈它的情况。如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) Time
3、flies. （时光飞逝。）这两句话中分别由代词They ， 名词Time 作主语。,1. 英语的句子成分,二.谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或者状态。谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当，因此动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词，不能作谓语。且谓语动词可以体现时态、单复数的语法现象。如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He enjoys singing songs. （他喜欢唱歌。）这两句话分别由动词were （are 的过去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing动词短语）作谓语。其中were 体现出句子的时态为过去时态，且主语的人称为第三人称
4、复数，enjoys singing 体现出句子的时态为一般现在时，且主语的人称为第三人称单数。,1. 英语的句子成分,三.宾语：表示动作的承受者。宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： I play with him. (我和他玩。) I like Chinese food.（我喜欢中国菜。）这两句话中分别由人称代词 him ， 名词food 作宾语。直接宾语与间接宾语：有的动词能够接双宾语，直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。如：He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书） 这句话中 a book 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。又如：My mother
5、 bought me a schoolbag.(我妈妈买了一个书包给我。)这句话中schoolbag 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。,1. 英语的句子成分,四.表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。接在系动词之后，其中接在系动词be 后是最常见的情况。如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He is kind. (他心地善良。)这两句话分别由名词teachers， 形容词 kind 作表语。,1. 英语的句子成分,五.定语：是用来说明或限制名词的成分，可分为前置定语和后置定语，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，构成前置定语；相当于形容词的短语或
6、从句放在名词的后面，构成后置定语。如： This is a red sun. (这是个红太阳) 这句话由形容词red 作前置定语，修饰sun.又如：His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。)这句话由相当于形容词的介词短语in the hospital 作后置定语，修饰work。,1. 英语的句子成分,六状语：是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。区别状语与定语的关键就是看其所修饰的部分，定语修饰名词，且起说明、限制作用。如：The
7、 students study hard.(学生努力学习)这句话由副词hard 作study的状语。又如： Pandas only live in China. （熊猫仅生活在中国。）这句话由介词短语 in China 作live的状语。再如：In the afternoon, I went to swim. (下午，我去了游泳。)这句话由介词短语in the afternoon 作整个句子的状语。,1. 英语的句子成分,七同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词常常紧挨在一起。限制性同位语与非限制性同位语：限
8、制性同位语中同位语与被它限定的词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性同位语则用逗号隔开。如： My uncle Mike is kind.(我的叔叔马克心地善良) 这句话中，Mike 作my uncle 的限制性同位语。又如：He is interested in sports, especially ball games.（他对运动感兴趣，特别是球类运动。） 这句话中ball games 作sports 的非限制性同位语。,1. 英语的句子成分,八补语：起补充说明的作用。去掉补语部分，整个句子的意思就不完整了，这就是补语与定语状语的关键区别。I am sure to succeed.（我确定我会赢。）
9、She wanted this meeting to be a successful one.(她希望这次会议开得成功。)这两句话分别由to succeed ，to be a successful one作补语。,1. 英语的句子成分,九呼语：说话中对所呼唤的人或事物的称呼。用逗号隔开，属于独立成分。它的位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句尾。如： Sit down, Lucy.（露西，坐下） 这句话Lucy 为呼语注意呼语与同位语的区别：同位语指一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，而呼语只是一个称呼。如： My sister Lucy is very beautiful.
10、(我的妹妹露西很漂亮。) Lucy 为My sister 的同位语 又如： Lucy, come on.（露西，过来。） Lucy为呼语,1. 英语的句子成分,综上所述，通常情况下，句子的成分分布如下：（定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语）如：(The tall) boy (often) goes (to the big) zoo.(The happy) child went (his) home （yesterday）.,1. 英语的句子成分,英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。（踹表示修饰的意思）状语的位置它
11、自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆，浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）,2. 英语的句子种类,I、句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、 THERE-BE存在句II、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,I、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句,1、陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。 She arrived early. She cannot have arrived now.注：1）半否定句I hardly know anything about i
12、t. 2）部分否定句与全否定句I dont like both the films.I like neither Cathy nor Mary. I will go to Nanning either Monday or Tuesday. 3)否定转移I dont think it will be very cold today. (believe, expect, suppose,imagine),2、疑问句：有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。,1）一般疑问句 用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或 no，注意语序。Have you anything to say?Did som
13、eone phone me last night? Cant you understand it? Isnt it a beautiful lake? -Havent you been to the UK? -No, I havent.,2）特殊疑问句 由疑问代词发起的问句：who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。,（1）陈述语序Who was the first man in space?（2）倒装语序Who are you talking about?,注：A、简略式 Why not go alone? Why get so angry? How/
14、What about taking a rest? B、复杂特殊疑问句 What do you think he has done?,3）选择疑问句(1)以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础Which do you prefer, red wine or white?How shall we go there, By bus or by train?,4）反义疑问句 问：+，-？或-，+？ 答：+，+. 或-，-.,1.Tom har
15、dly knows French, _ _?2.Mary didnt fail her exam, did she? -_, she didnt.3.You neednt come, _ you? You need to come, _ you?4.He had a big time there, _ he? He had a car, _ he? We hardly have to get up early, _ we?5.He used to live in Leeds, _ he?,does he,No,must,dont,didnt,didnt,do,didnt,6.Lets go t
16、o the match at once, _ we? Leave me alone, _ you?7.They have been learning to drive, _ they?8.No one was hurt, _ _ ?9.There is no doubt about it, _ _ ?10.Anna hasnt got to go to school on Sunday, _ she?,4）反义疑问句,shall,will,havent,werent they,is there,does,3、祈使句 表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，谓语动词用原形。,1）带第二人称的祈使句 Be
17、quiet, please. Dont make any noise! You call a taxi. Dont you forget it.(强调) Give me a hand, will/wont/would/wouldnt you?2）带第一、三人称的祈使句 Let me try again. Lets go. Let us go. Lets not say anything about it./Dont lets say Let him be here by 10 oclock.,3、祈使句,注意：1、加强语气 Do be careful of my broken leg. Do
18、let me have another try. 2 、祈使句的省略式 A:Shall I open the window? B:Yes, please do./ No, please dont. A:Shall we watch the game? B:Yes, lets.,4、感叹句 由what 或how引导的，表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。,What a lovely baby it is!What fine weather we have today!What a good time we had last night!How foolish she is!How clearly yo
19、u speak!How clever a boy he is!,5、 THERE-BE存在句,（1）类似的句型有：there used to be, there seems to be, there is to be, there goes, here comes 例句：There is a clock on the table.Once there lived a king called Lear.There goes the bell!Here comes the bus. Here he comes.There used to be a village at the foot of th
20、e mountain.There is to be a heavy rain tonight.There seems to be some misunderstanding.There is a baby crying in the next door.There being no bus, we had to walk home（表示假设，用虚拟语气）.（2）there be 与have的比较there be 和have 都有“有”之意，前者表示某处有某物，强调的是客观的存在，后者表示主语跟宾语之间的从属关系。,2.2 按句子的结构分为三种:,简单句 (simple sentence),并列
21、句 (compound sentence),复合句 (complex sentence),并列复合句,(一).简单句: 只有一个主语(或并列主语) 和 一个谓语(或并列谓语): .Tom likes rock music. .Tom and John are fond of rock music. .Tom sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.,简单句的五种基本句型,1. _ It is getting warmer and warmer. He looks pretty happy today. 常考查的系动词: . “变得”
22、_, _, _, _, _. . “看起来”_,_,_ “闻起来” _ “尝起来” _ “摸起来” _ “听起来”_,主语+系动词+表语 (S+V+P),get become,turn go grow,look seem appear,smell,taste,feel,sound,系动词的用法: (注意三点) +_作表语; 无 _; 无 _; e.g. The dish _. (尝起来好吃) The story _. (听起来有趣).,adj.,宾语,被动语态,tastes delicious,sounds interesting,2. _ Our chalk has run out. On
23、hearing the news, he cheered. 经常考查的不及物动词: “发生” _; _; _ ; _ _ “用完,用光”_; _. 不及物动词的用法: 无 _, 无_,主语 + 谓语 (S + V),happen occur,take place come about,break out,run out give out,宾语,被动语态,e.g. .“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was hap
24、pened yesterday? (改错),(),Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.,3. _ We are having an English class. Mr Wang will attend the lecture.4. _ I teach you English. He offered me his seat.5. _ We should keep our classroom clean and tidy. I heard them cheering in the next room.
25、 I saw the window broken.,主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (S+V+O),主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 (S+V+O1+O2),主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (S+V+O+C),请说出下列句子类型:,1.Summer is coming.2.They wont let me go.3.He showed me a new TV set.4.She knows French.5.The gas smells terrible.,S+Vi,S+V+O+C,S+V+O1+O2,S+V+O,S+V+P,(二)并列句(compound sentence):,把两个或几个简单句用并列连词或分号连接
26、起来，则成为一个并列句。,常用并列连词,平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：因果并列连词: 选择并列连词:,and, both.and., not only. but also., .,but,while,yet, nevertherless,therefore, because, for, so, so that,or, neither. nor,既不.也不either.or.不是.就是., otherwise否则,请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。1.He was tired. He went to bed.2.The dress is really beautiful. I can
27、t afford it.,He was tired, so he went to bed.,The dress is really beautiful, but I cant afford it.,3. Mary is cooking. John is greeting guests.,Mary is cooking ,and / while John is greeting guests.,4.He works hard. He also likes helping others.,1. He not only works hard but he also likes helping oth
28、ers.,2.Not only does he work hard but he also likes helping others.,(三）复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在.,By the time he arrived, 1we had already left. 2,请指出该复合句的主句和从句:,从句,主句,在复合句中，主要包含以下类型从句： 1._ 2._ 3._,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句,指出下列各从句的类型：,
29、I hope that everything is all right.She was reading the newspaper when I came in.She is the girl who sings best of all.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,It is well-known that the 2008 Olympic Games will be held on August 8th.As is known to all, the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in about four months.,主语从句,定语从句,I wan
30、t to live in a place where the air is fresh.I want to live where the air is fresh.,定语从句,状语从句,请把每组句子连接为一个含有状语从句复合句。 Ill give the letter to him .I see him. (时间状语从句),Ill give the letter to him when I see him.,as soon as the moment the minute immediately,It is such a big box .Nobody can move it. (结果状语从句
31、),It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Such a big box is it that nobody can move it.,It is so big a box that nobody can move it.,The dress is beautiful. I cant afford it. (让步状语从句),Although /Though the dress is beautiful, I cant afford it.,Beautiful as the dress is, I cant afford it.,See you next time,
