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1、,2.6 英语长句的翻译,西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思维，总是先概括后分解先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。在翻译英语长句时要对句子进行认真的分析：,1,(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4) 分析词、短语和从句
2、之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,2,1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli(stimulus) which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析: (1) 该
3、句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause结构为主句;,3,who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所
4、修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童
5、的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,4,For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more to do sth than to do sth else. 是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
6、(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。,5,(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment availab
7、le,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。,6,Example：我原先打算七月一日飞香港，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应先概括，将语义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成 It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I ha
8、d intended to fly to Hong Kong On July 1st.,7,英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。,8,具体翻译方法,1、顺序译法2、变序译法3、分句译法4、综合法,9,1、顺序译法: 当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。 If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an
9、hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name “Windy City”.如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感到从密歇根湖那边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。,10,1. Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating ou
10、r water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.该句子由一个主句、三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:,11,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。,12,But now it is realiz
11、ed that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. 分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to 结
12、构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time 是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。,13,五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 因此可翻译为:可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若
13、干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,14,After walking a long way, the young man came upon a foolish man who had fasten a pair of trousers between trees and who was jumping with all his might high up in the air and trying to hit the two legs of them as he came down.这个年轻人走了很远的路之后碰上了一个愚蠢的人，这个人把一条裤子系在两棵树之间，正在尽全身力气
14、向上跳，想在落下来时两条腿正好套进两只裤脚里去。,15,It was the moment I ceased being a child, when I began to have an adults awareness of the pain and tragedy in life. 从那一刻起我不再是一个小孩，我开始有了成年人的意识，能意识到人生的伤痛与灾难。,16,Congress has made laws requiring most pressure group to give information about how much they spend and how they s
15、pend it, the amount and sources of fund, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，以及款项的总额和来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。,17,2、变序译法（倒拆法、 逆序法 ）,英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。 a.改变定语语序。b.改变状语语序。,18,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth ce
16、ntury, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思:,19,A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他
17、元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,20,It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more deta
18、iled information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义:,21,A. 变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。,22,The number
19、of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible-about one in four.大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。,23,a.改变定语语序,However, even the president Tacqueville, who predicted 150 years ago that the United States and Russia would emerge as two great contending(竞争) world powers could not h
20、ave foreseen that the nation that potentially could decide the world balance of power in the last decades of the twentieth century, and that could become the most powerful nation on earth during the twenty-first century, would be China.,24,然而，即使是150年前曾预言过美国和俄国将成为互相争夺的两个世界大国的托克维尔总统，也未能预见到20世纪最后几十年具有决
21、定世界均势潜力并能成为21世纪地球上最强大的国家，将是中国。（虽然定语很长，但层次是清楚的，清晰可读。）150年前，托克维尔总统曾预言过美国和俄国将成为互相争夺的两个世界大国；然而他却未能预见到20世纪最后几十年具有决定世界均势潜力并能成为21世纪地球上最强大的国家，将是中国。,25,b. （改变状语语序）,If a balloon could be made large enough, he speculated推测, then maybe a nonstop flight could be made to Europe.他推测，如果能制造一个很大的气球，也许能够中途不停地飞到欧洲。,26,
22、Solutions of the problem of old age have to be considered against a historical back-ground of slow but substantial实质性的changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising living standards and family planning.由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育，中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化，必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到老年的问题。,27,It is probably easier fo
23、r teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。,28,A great number of graduate students were driven into t
24、he intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic典型的 poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise姿态 of the Beat Generation “跨掉的一代”, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
25、,29,Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.（先译主语从句，后译主句。）许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方则是人之常情。,30,What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive(窒息)and d
26、istasteful(厌恶)about New Yorkits rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing(令人振奋的) competitiveness; the rigor(严厉) of its judgments; and the congested(拥挤不堪的), democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.,31,纽约的粗犷、紧张、那种紧迫感和催人奋发的竞争性；它的是非观念之严酷无情；纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局，
27、这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所眷恋的。,32,3、分句译法（重构拆译法）有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:,33,没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目
28、令人难以相信约为1/4。这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为: 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。,34,Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive a
29、nd entertaining. 分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,35,A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he ke
30、eps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。这是因为人与人之间有友谊，/。同样的，人与书也有友谊。人应该经常生活在与最好的书以及最好的人的交往中。,36,In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home
31、 but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yanan.1946年8月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路过中国；由于我丈夫已经在战争中牺牲了，当时我并不急于回去，就到了延安。,37,But if you put down a book you dont like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good
32、 timeand if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder or more gentle, you wont have suffered during the process.但如果你把自己感到没劲的书放下换别的，直到发现一本你认为有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。假若你能由此而变得更聪明有为、更和蔼温厚，那么阅读本身就不会是一种苦差事了。,38,He felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that
33、was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the hateful teachers were representatives and symbols.他觉得书本和书本知识，是和他敌对那个世界的一部分。他不属于、也不想进入那个世界，而那些可恨的老师就那个世界的象征和代表。,39,Then they went to the southern part of the island, but found it rocky and c
34、overed with bushes, growing so thickly that it was not easy to push ones way through. 然后他们去了岛的南部，但是却发现那儿岩石很多，长满灌木。灌木密密丛丛，很难穿过。,40,We received the trophy(奖杯) from the hands of the President of the Republic of Mexico, Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, and we gave an Olympic march around the huge stadium, with the c
35、onfetti(五彩纸屑) and streamers(彩带) falling like snow and with the constant beat of a samba band mixing with the most enthusiastic ovation I can remember.,41,我们从墨西哥共和国总统克斯达沃迪亚斯奥尔达斯的手中接过了奖杯，然后在巨大的体育场内饶场一周。一路上五彩纸屑和彩带犹如雪片飞来。桑巴乐队的音乐同欢呼声响成一片这是我记忆中最热烈的欢呼声。,42,At the opening banquet, Nixon seemed to have parap
36、hrased his hosts position by saying “There are of course some who believe that the mere act of saying a statement of principles or a diplomatic conference will bring lasted peace. This is nave.”尼克松在欢迎宴会上说：“当然，有些人认为只要发表一项原则声明或举行一次外交会议就能带来持久和平，这是天真的想法。” 尼克松的这番话似乎是在阐述其东道国的立场。,43,But without Adolf Hitle
37、r, who was possessed of a demoniac(魔鬼般的) personality, a granite(花岗岩) will, uncanny(异乎寻常的) instincts, a cold ruthlessness(无情), a remarkable intellect, a soaring(深远的) imagination anduntil toward the end, when drunk with power and success, be overreached himselfan amazing capacity to size up people and
38、 situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich(帝国).,44,然而，如果没有阿道夫希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。这是因为阿道夫希特勒有着魔鬼般的性格、花岗石般的意志、异乎寻常的本能、冷酷无情的心肠、杰出/非凡的智力、深远/高超的想象力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。只是到了最后，由于权利和胜利冲昏了头脑，他才失去判断力而作出了不自量力的事，从而招致了失败。/这种判断力最后由于权利和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。,45,The “Australian School” became w
39、ell known for its efforts in precisely describing and defining the faults(断层)and fissures(裂缝)in rock, far more than is usual in engineering geology(地质学).“澳大利亚学派”之所以赫赫有名，是由于该学派对岩石中的断层及裂缝做出了精确的描述和明确的定义。他们的描述和定义远比在工程地质学中通常所给出的准确得多。,46,4. 综合法,上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要
40、求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子,47,People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless
41、as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 翻译成：尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。,48,Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision(修订) at short intervals if
42、 their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。,49,Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a ch
43、ild, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。,50,Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。,51,长句翻译资源分享:英语长句译法(一)英语长句翻译基本功综合方法的运用英语长句翻译基本功,52,
