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1、.,1,microeconomics,.,2,Chapter One,Preliminaries（引论）,.,3,Introduction,What is microeconomics?What is the origin and development of microeconomics?How to handle microeconomics?,.,4,Quarter one What is microeconomics,Microeconomics and Marxist Economics Definition and theory of Microeconomics Main con
2、tent of MicroeconomicsThe problem settled by Microeconomics,.,5,1. Microeconomics and Marxist Economics,Marxist economics is the study of the motion law of scientific production relations（生产关系运动规律）, it critically absorbs classical plutonomy（政治经济学） scientific composition, creates surplus value（剩余价值）,
3、 reveals the secret that the capitalists exploit the workers.Western economics is the western scholars summary about market economic operation rules, and proposes the economic policy.,.,6,2. Definition and theory of Microeconomics,The starting point of economics searchingThe definition of Microecono
4、micsPeople how to make decisionWhy need to bargainWhy need to build market economics,.,7,2.1 the starting point of economics,Resourcescarcitydecision,Free access objects,Economic objects,scarcity（紧缺）,Limited resource different uses,Unlimited desire priorities,decision,what,how,who,.,8,Fundamental mo
5、del,_means that the resource have been used fully on the existing technical level.,_means the resource havent been used fully or resource idle.,.,9,Production possibilities curve,PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of
6、 production and the available production technology.The point on the PPC means that the resource have been used fully on the existing technical level.The point inside the PPC means the resource havent been used fully or we call it resource idle.The advance of technology and larger quantity of resour
7、ce can make PPC move rightward.,.,10,Opportunity cost,The opportunity cost that produce one product with certain resource is the quantity of another we give up.Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource,.,11,2.2 the definition
8、of microeconomics,Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.,.,12,2.3 peo
9、ple how to make decision,There is no mystery to what an “economy” is. Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, of the United States, or of the whole world, an economy is just a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an econo
10、my reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we start our study of economics with four principles of individual decision making.,.,13,2.3 people how to make decision,PRINCIPLE #1: PEOPLE FACE TRADEOFFS（权衡）,The first lesson about making decisions is summarized in the adage: “T
11、here is no such thing as a free lunch.” To get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. Making decisions requires trading off one goalagainst another.e.g. parents are deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. O
12、r they can save some of the family income for retirement or the childrens college education. When they choose to spend an extra dollar on one of these goods, they have one less dollar to spend on someother good.,.,14,2.3 people how to make decision,PRINCIPLE #2: THE COST OF SOMETHING IS WHAT YOU GIV
13、E UP TO GET IT Because people face tradeoffs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. In many cases, however, the cost of some action is not as obvious as it might first appear. e.g. When making any decision, such as whether to attend college, dec
14、ision makers should be aware of the opportunity costs that accompany each possible action. In fact, they usually are. College-age athletes who can earn millions if they drop out of school and play professional sports are well aware that their opportunity cost of college is very high. It is not surpr
15、ising that they often decide that the benefit is not worth the cost.,.,15,2.3 people how to make decision,PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN（边际） Decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. In many situations, people make the best decisions by think
16、ing at the margin. e.g. As another example, consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers who fly standby. Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs the airline $100,000. In this case, the average cost of each seat is $500. One might be tempted to conclude that the a
17、irline should never sell a ticket for less than $500. In fact, however, the airline can raise its profits by thinking at the margin.,.,16,2.3 people how to make decision,Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty seats, and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300
18、 for a seat. Should the airline sell it to him? Of course it should. If the plane has empty seats, the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule（极小的）. Although the average cost of flying a passenger is $500, the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts and can of soda（微不足道的） that
19、the extra passenger will consume. As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling him a ticket is profitable.,.,17,2.3 people how to make decision,PRINCIPLE #4: PEOPLE RESPOND TO INCENTIVES（激励） Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, their behavior m
20、ay change when the costs or benefits change. That is, people respond to incentives. e.g. When the price of an apple rises, for instance, people decide to eat more pears and fewer apples, because the cost of buying an apple is higher. At the same time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples, because the benefit of selling an apple is also higher. As we will see, the effect of price on the behavior of buyers and sellers in a marketin this case, the market for applesis crucial for understanding how the economy works.,谢谢观看！,
