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1、,英国建筑文化 讲师：胡江山,CONTENTS,01,02,03,04,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory,英国传统建筑历史溯源History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,著名建筑物介绍及欣赏Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings,英国建筑元素BritainArchitectural element,建筑是世界的年鉴，当歌曲和传说已经缄默，它依旧还在诉说。construction is the worlds y
2、earbook, when songs and legends have been silent, it still is in the telling.,英国传统建筑风格及历史 BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory,哥特式( Gothic)哥特式建筑起源于法国，英国的哥特式建筑出现的比法国稍晩，流行于1216世纪。英国哥特时期的世俗建筑成就很高。在哥特式建筑流行的早期，封建主的城星有很强的防卫性，城墙很厚，有许多塔楼和碉堡，墙内还有高高的核堡。15
3、世纪以后，王权进一步巩固，城堡的外墙开了窗户，并更多地考虑居住的舒适性。英国居民的半木构式住宅以木柱和木横栏作为构架，加有装饰图案，深色的木梁柱与白墙相间，外观活泼。,Gothic architecture originated in France. British Gothic architecture appeared slightly later than France and was popular in the 12th and 16th centuries. The achievements of secular architecture in the British Gothic
4、 period were high. In the early days of Gothic architecture, the feudal city stars were very defensive, the walls were thick, there were many towers and bunkers, and there were high nuclear castles inside the walls. After the 15th century, the kingship was further consolidated, the outer walls of th
5、e castle opened Windows, and more consideration was given to the comfort of living. British residents half-wooden houses are framed with wooden pillars and wooden bars, decorated with decorative patterns, dark Muliangzhu and white walls, and lively appearance.,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectur
6、eandHistory 哥特式建筑,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory,都铎风格( Tudor)都铎风格是中世纪后英国风格与文艺复兴装饰风格的混合，在本世纪初最为流行，它的“血统”是英国式的，因而可以看到另外许多英国风格的建筑对它的影响，如安妮女皇风格、史迪克风格等。整栋建筑极富装饰趨味与田野情趣,Tudor style(Tudor)Tudor style is a mixture of post-medieval British style and Renaissance decorative style. It was mo
7、st popular at the beginning of this century. Its ancestry is British, so it can see the influence of many other British style buildings. Such as Queen Anne style, Shidike style and so on. The whole building is very decorative and interesting.,该风格建筑的主要特征,都铎风格,汉普顿皇宫英格兰最大、最为壮观的都铎式建筑,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTr
8、aditionalArchitectureandHistory,史迪克风格（Shidike style）史迪克风格是哥特式复兴风格到安妮女皇风格之间的过渡，它强调墙面整体装饰性，而非局限门和窗或屋檐登出的细节。史迪克风格在1878年很盛行，他造型非常漂亮，享有“木质安妮女皇冈格的雅号。,The Shidike style is a transition from the Gothic Revival style to the Queen Anne style. It emphasizes the overall decorative nature of the walls rather tha
9、n the details of the doors and Windows or eaves.The Shidike style was very popular in 1878. He was very beautiful and enjoyed the nickname of Queen Anne of Wood.,该风格建筑的主要特征,它有两种形态：正立面山墙；常作为城市住宅,外墙常有木板包裹，水平及垂直方向都有木条镶嵌,屋檐外和进口门廊均有斜向木条架作为装饰,正立面为陡峭的山墙，侧向也有三角形山墙相交，山墙上有装饰木架,01,02,03,04,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTra
10、ditionalArchitectureandHistory,安妮女皇(1702-1714)风格由英国建筑师萧(Shaw1831-1912)推广，但风格的命名与安妮女皇的统治并无多大关系。1874年第一栋美国安妮女皇风格的避暑别墅问世于罗德岛，由于风格独特，加上铁路网络的建立及印刷技术的发展，这种风格在全美得到皆及。这种建筑有时整个建筑还配有一塔楼，俨然是一个世外桃源。它的空间组合很复杂，并形成了古典、非对称殖民复兴和全盛期安妮女皇风格等流派，其简化开式为维多利亚式,Queen Anne(1702-1714) styleIt was promoted by British architect
11、Shaw 1831-1912, but the naming of the style did not have much to do with Queen Annes rule. In 1874, the first Queen Anne style summer house was introduced in Rhode Island. Due to its unique style, the establishment of a railway network and the development of printing technology have made this style
12、available in the United States. This kind of building is sometimes equipped with a tower, which is like a paradise. Its spatial combination is complex and forms classical, asymmetric colonial revival and Queen Annes style during its heyday. Its simplified opening style is Victorian.,英国传统建筑风格历史Britis
13、hTraditionalArchitectureandHistory安妮女皇风格,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory,乔治亚风格( Georgian)欧洲各国文艺复兴时期的建筑风格(意大利在15世纪，法国在15世纪后叶，英国在16世纪)是形成美国文艺复兴的深交背景，虽然各国在文艺复兴时期都渗入本国的灵气与思想，但有一点是共同的，即对古典风格的继承与创新。在别墅风格的体现上均具备对称、平衡和细部装饰精美等特点。在这一时期，西欧对美国别墅风格的景响是明显的，也是在这一时期，欧洲开始逐步成为世界上经济、政治和文化方面最强大的地区，属于
14、这一传统的风格有乔治亚风格、亚当风格。英国别墅强调门廊的装饰性，比较“讲究门面”。乔治亚风格在英国殖民国家中整整流行了一个世纪(18世纪)，它是由意大利文艺复兴风格传入英国后派生出来的，并秉承古典主义对称与和谐的原则，是对美国最有景的一种风格。,The Renaissance architectural styles of European countries(Italy in the 15th century, France in the late 15th century, and Britain in the 16th century) formed the deep backgroun
15、d of the American Renaissance, although all countries infiltrated their own spirits and ideas during the Renaissance., But there is one thing in common, that is, the inheritance and innovation of classical style. The style of the villa is characterized by symmetry, balance and fine decoration. Durin
16、g this period, the Western European landscape of the American villa style was obvious. It was also during this period that Europe began to gradually become the most powerful economic, political, and cultural region in the world. The style that belongs to this tradition is Georgian style and Adam sty
17、le. The British villa emphasizes the decorative nature of the porch and is more cosmetic. The Georgian style was popular in the British colonial countries for a century(18th century). It was derived from the Italian Renaissance style and introduced into the United Kingdom. It upholds the principles
18、of classical symmetry and harmony and and is the most influential style to Britain.,英国传统建筑风格历史BritishTraditionalArchitectureandHistory乔治亚风格,3.窗户的六对六的标准分割，简化了窗棂线脚的处理，推拉窗的普及。,主要特征,该风格建筑的主要特征,1.帕拉迪奥的古典比例，罗伯特亚当油漆金丝装饰。,2.门廊要素，门头的扇形窗，六嵌板的标准门形式，廊檐下有长方形团排列，屋檐上有齿饰。,4.欧式家装传统的三段式墙面的风格方式：墙裙、墙面、檐壁。,5.壁炉大约从这个时候起成
19、为了装饰的重点。,正如建筑可以说是凝固的音乐一样，它也可以说是一种空间音乐。Just like architecture is solidification of music, it also can say that music is a kind of space.,英国传统建筑历史溯源 History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,就英国历史而言,“18世纪”通常指1689-1815年这一百多年时间,1688“光荣革命”被认为是一个新时代的起点,而1815年反法战争的结束可算作是这个时代的终结,英法两国一百多年的殖民争霸告一段落,
20、“日不落帝国”初见雏形。一般认为,大约在19世纪中叶,英国完成大国崛起的历程,建立起世界霸权,成为全球霸主。英国霸权的建立,不仅是依靠武力扩张的过程,更主要的是依据“制度创新”而引领世界潮流的过程。在“漫长的18世纪”,英国经历了由传统社会向现代社会的转型,在政治、经济、社会、外交、殖民及思想文化等领域均发生了深刻变化。 As far as British history is concerned, 18th century usually refers to 1689-1815. The 1688 glorious revolution is considered to be the beg
21、inning of a new era, and the end of the anti-France war in 1815 can be counted as the end of this era., The colonial hegemony of Britain and France for more than a hundred years has come to an end. It is generally believed that around the middle of the 19th century, Britain completed the process of
22、the rise of great powers, established world hegemony, and became a global hegemon. The establishment of British hegemony is not only the process of expansion by force, but also the process of leading the world trend based on institutional innovation. In the long 18th century, the United Kingdom expe
23、rienced a transformation from traditional society to modern society, and profound changes took place in political, economic, social, diplomatic, colonial, ideological and cultural fields.,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,外形对称柱式：英国从中世纪向文艺复兴过渡时期的建筑风格是外形对称柱式取得控制地位，水平分划加强，外
24、形简洁，窗子宽大，窗间墙很窄，几乎只剩下个壁柱的皃度，外形上仍然保留塔楼、雉堞，体形凸凹起伏；塞内用深色木村护板，板上作浅浮雕，一些重要大厅用华丽的锺式屋架，由两側向中央出，逐级升高，每级下有一个弧形的撑托和一个下垂的装饰物。,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,Symmetric column: The architectural style of the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance in the United Kingdom w
25、as a symmetrical column with a control position. The horizontal division was strengthened, the appearance was simple, the windows were wide, the walls between the windows were narrow, and almost only the pillars were left. The degree, The shape still retains towers and gongs, and the shape is undula
26、ting; Seine uses a deep-colored wooden village guard board to make a bas-relief on the board. Some important halls use a gorgeous style roof to go from the center and rise step by step. There is an arc-shaped support and a drooping decoration under each level.,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British T
27、raditional Architecture,古典复兴：英国建筑主要潮流是“古典复兴”。“古典复兴”是指古罗马复兴和古希腊复兴。在这种潮流的影下，英国建筑了一批著名的古典建筑，为英国建筑发展奠定了基础。哥特复兴：英国盛行的另种潮流是浪漫主义建筑，又称特复兴，主要是在庄园府邸中复活中世纪建筑，模仿寨堡和哥特式教堂。,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,Classical Revival: The main trend of British architecture is classical revival
28、. Classical Revival refers to the ancient Roman Revival and the ancient Greek Revival. Under the shadow of this trend, the United Kingdom has built a group of famous classical buildings, laying the foundation for the development of British architecture. Gothic Revival: Another popular trend in the U
29、nited Kingdom is the Romantic Architecture, also known as the Special Revival. It is mainly to resurrect medieval architecture in the manor house, imitating the Zhaibao and Gothic churches.,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,折衷主义：在古典复兴主义潮流流行的同时，在英国又出现了建筑的折衷主义，就是把古典复兴。浪漫主义
30、捏合在一起，弥补古典主义和浪漫主义的局限性，这也称集仿主义。东方情调：中国的、印度的、土耳其旳和拉伯的建筑风格也被英国建筑所引用，在英国建筑中出现了东方情调”，引起了欧洲人对东方建筑的喜爰和羡幕。英国建筑融合了世界国的建筑风格，影响欧洲浪漫主义建筑风格的发展过程。,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of British Traditional Architecture,Eclecticism: While the classical revival trend is popular, there is also an eclecticism of architecture
31、in the United Kingdom, which is the revival of classical. Romanticism is put together to make up for the limitations of classicism and romanticism. This is also called emulation. Eastern sentiment: The architectural styles of China, India, Turkey, and Rabe are also quoted by British architecture, an
32、d the Eastern sentiment appears in British architecture, which has caused Europeans to love and envy Eastern architecture. British architecture integrates the architectural styles of the world and influences the development of European romantic architectural styles.,英国传统建筑历史溯源,History Origins of Bri
33、tish Traditional Architecture,建筑学必须前进，否则就要枯死。建筑没有终极，只有不断变革。architecture must move forward, otherwise will die. building no ultimate, only by constantly change.,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings A
34、rchitecture,圣保罗大教堂Sallopaulocathedral圣保罗大教堂最早在604年建立，后经多次毁坏、重建，由英国著名设计大师和建筑家克托弗雷恩爵士(SirChristopherWren)在17世纪末完成这伦敦最伟大的教堂设计，整整花了45年的心血。圣保罗教堂另一个建筑特色，是少数设计、建筑分别仅由人完成，而非历经多位设计、建筑师的教堂之一，目前教堂内还有一个雷恩的墓碑，上书“Ifyouseekhismonument,justlookaround”。1666年一场大火将原有的一座哥特式大教堂毁于一旦。现存建筑是英国著名设计大师和建筑家克托弗雷恩爵士营建的。,Sallopaul
35、ocathedral was first established in 604 and was destroyed and rebuilt several times. It was completed by the famous British design master and architecture Sir Jiaketuofuleien at the end of the 17th century. It took 45 years. Hard work. Another architectural feature of St. Pauls Church is that a few
36、designs and buildings are only completed by people, rather than one of the churches with multiple designs and architects. At present, there is also a tombstone of Rennes in the church, and the book If you seek hismonment, just look up. A fire in 1666 destroyed the original Gothic cathedral. The exis
37、ting building was built by the famous British design master and the building Sir Jiaketuofuleien.,圣保罗大教堂,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,大英博物馆 British Museum大英博物馆又称不列颠博物馆，位于伦敦牛津大街北面的大罗素广场，是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的博物馆之一。这座庞大的古罗马式建筑里珍藏的文物和图书资料是世界上任何一个博物馆所不能比拟的。大英博物馆初
38、创于1753年,1759年对外开放。现有房屋为19世纪中叶所建，共有100多个陈列室，面积6,7万平方米。原来主要藏书，其后兼收历史文物和各国古代艺术品，迄今共藏有展品400万件。大英博物馆整日免费开放。,The British Museum, also known as the British Museum, is located in Daluosu, North of Oxford Street in London. It is one of the oldest and most magnificent museums in the world. The treasures and b
39、ooks in this huge ancient Romanesque building are unmatched by any museum in the world. The British Museum was founded in 1753 and opened to the public in 1759. The existing houses were built in the middle of the 19th century and have a total of more than 100 showrooms with an area of 67,000 square
40、meters. The original main collection of books, followed by historical relics and ancient art works of various countries, has so far contained a total of 4 million exhibits. The British Museum is open all day free of charge.,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,
41、博物馆鸟瞰图,博物馆内部图,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,白金汉宫Buckingham Palace白金汉宫是英国的王宫，位于伦敦最高权利的所在地威斯敏特区。东接圣詹姆斯公园，西临海德公园，是英国王室生活和工作的地方。王宫初建于1703年，白金汉公爵、若曼底公爵和约翰。谢菲尔德在这里建造了座公馆，并以白金汉公爵的名字命名。白金汉宫经过多次修建和扩展，现已成为一座规模雄伟的三层长方形建筑。外国的国家元首和政界首脑访问英国时，女王就在宫院中陪同贵宾检阅仪仗队。白金汉宫前的广场中
42、央屹立着有丽莎白二世的高祖母维多利亚女王镀金雕像的纪念碑。,Buckingham Palace is the royal palace of the United Kingdom and is located in Westminster, the seat of the highest rights in London. East of St. James Park, West Linhaide Park, is where the British royal family lives and works. The palace was first built in 1703, the Du
43、ke of Buckingham, the Duke of Jordan and John. Sheffield built a mansion here and named it after the Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham Palace has been built and expanded many times and has now become a magnificent three-story rectangular building. When the first and political leaders visited the United
44、 Kingdom, the Queen accompanied the VIP guards in the palace.In the middle of the square in front of Buckingham Palace stands the monument to the gilded statue of Queen Victoria, the great-grandmother of Youlishabai,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,白金汉宫鸟瞰图,
45、英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,威斯敏斯特宫Palace of Westminster威斯敏斯特宫又称议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）是英国议会（包括上议院和下议院）的所在地。威斯敏斯特宫是哥特复兴式建筑的代表作之一，1987年被列为世界文化遗产。 该建筑包括约1,100个独立房间、100座楼梯和4.8公里长的走廊。尽管今天的宫殿基本上由19世纪重修而来，但依然保留了初建时的许多历史遗迹，如威斯敏斯特厅（可追溯至1097年），今天用作重大的公共庆典仪式，如
46、国葬前的陈列等。,Weisiminsitegong, also known as the House of Parliament, is home to the British Parliament(including the House of Lords and the House of Commons). Weisiminsitegong is one of the masterpieces of Gothic Revival architecture and was listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 1987. The building inc
47、ludes about 1,100 separate rooms, 100 stairs and 4.8 kilometers of corridors. Although todays palaces were basically rebuilt from the 19th century, many historical sites, such as the Westminster Hall(dating back to 1097), were preserved at the time of the initial construction. Today they are used as
48、 major public celebration ceremonies, such as before the state funeral. Display and so on.,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,大本钟Big Ben英国伦敦著名古钟或大本钟，即咸斯敏斯特宫报时钟在英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼，建于1859年。安装
49、在西敏寺桥北议会大厦东侧高95米的钟楼上，钟楼四面的圆形钟盘，直径为67米，是伦敦的传统地标。,The famous ancient bell or Big Ben clock in London, England, is the bell tower attached to the British Parliaments conference hall at the Westminster Palace. It was built in 1859. Located on the 95-meter-high clock tower on the East side of the Westmin
50、ster Bridge North Parliament Building, the clock tower has a circular clock tray on all four sides, with a diameter of 67 meters. It is a traditional landmark in London.,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous Buildings Architecture,英国著名建筑物介绍及欣赏 Introduction and Appreciation of Famous B
