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1、1,PRE-UNIT TEST 1,A. 第三人称单数动词变化规则,B. a/an, some和any的用法,C. many和much的用法,D. 一般过去时,E. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和否定句,F. 形容词与副词,G. 物主代词,H. 介词,I. 定语从句,2,I am busy.I am learning English.I have a new book.I live in the country.I shall see you tomorrow.I can understand you.I must write a letter.I may come next week.I do a
2、 lot of work every day.I did a lot of work yesterday.,He is busy.He is learning English.He has a new book.He lives in the country.He will see you tomorrow.He can understand you.He must write a letter.He may come next week.He does a lot of work every day.He did a lot of work yesterday.,A. Write these
3、 sentences again. Begin each sentence with He.,3,11.I played football yesterday.12.I bought a new coat last week.13.I have had a letter from Tom.14.I was busy this morning.15.I could play football very well when I was young.16.I always try to get up early.17.I might see you next week.18.I always enj
4、oy a good film.19.I had finished my work.20.I watch television every night.,He played football yesterday.He bought a new coat last week.He has had a letter from Tom.He was busy this morning.He could play football very well when he was young.He always tries to get up early.He might see you next week.
5、He always enjoys a good film.He had finished my work.He watches television every night.,4,be,have,以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的词加-es,以辅音字母加y结尾的单词改y为i再加-es,以辅音字母加o结尾的词加-es,一般情况在词尾加-s,语法小结：第三人称单数动词变化规则,1. 一般现在时和一般将来时,look,looks,teach,teaches,study,studies,do, go,does, goes,have,has,am,is,一般将来时助动词,shall,will,2.
6、 同型的情况,1）情态动词：can, must, may, could, should, might, would2）一般过去时：looked, taught, studied, did, went, had, was,5,B. Write these sentences again. Put in a, some or any.,There are books on the desk.I drank glass of beer.Do you want butter?There arent people in the street.Tom has just bought new car.We
7、have apple trees in our garden.Can I have bar of chocolate, please?There isnt bread in that tin.Is there ink in that bottle?Are there eggs in that basket?,a,some,any,any,a,some,a,any,any,any,6,语法小结：a/an, some和any的用法,1.不定冠词a和an的用法： a和an是不定冠词，表示泛指，常用于可数名词的单数形式前。a用在以辅音发音开头的单词前，e.g. a university student
8、, a one-eyed elephant; an用在以元音发音开头的单词前，e.g. an hour, an X-ray machine。1）表示“一个”，意为one I have a new book. 我有一本新书。2）表示“某一个”，意为a certain A Mr. Wang is waiting for you. 有位姓王的先生在等你。3）表示一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。4）组成词组或习语 a little, a few, a lot (
9、of), a type of, a great many, many a, as a rule, in a hurry, in a minute, in a word, in a short while, after a while, have a cold, have a try, keep an eye on, all of a sudden,7,2. 形容词some的用法： some既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，常用在肯定句中。 1）用来修饰名词的单数形式，表示“某一”或“某个” She is playing chess with some boy. 她在和一个男孩下棋。 2）
10、用来修饰名词的复数形式或不可数名词，表示“某些”，“若干”，“一部分的”，“一些” I have some work to do this evening. 今晚我有一些事要做。 Some mushrooms are poisonous. 有些蘑菇是有毒的。 3）表示“好些”，“好几个”，“不少” He lived in London for some years. 他在伦敦住了好几年。3. 形容词any的用法： any 既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，常用在否定、疑问句和if从句中。1）表示“任一“，”每一” He wanted a job, any sort of a job. 他
11、需要一份工作,任何工作都行。 2）若干，一些，一点，丝毫 If there is any trouble, do let me know. 如遇到麻烦,务必告诉我。 I havent any money to spare. 我的钱都用光了。 Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗? 3）尽可能多的，所有的 Send me any data you can find. 把你能找到的所有资料送来给我。,8,C. Write these sentences again. Use many or much.,I havent any butter.You havent
12、any cigarettes.We havent any milk.She hasnt any biscuits.They havent any stationery.,I havent got much butter.You havent got many cigarettes.We havent got much milk.She hasnt got many biscuits.They havent got much stationery.,语法小结：many和much的用法,many和much做形容词时都表示“许多”的意思，但是，many用于修饰可数名词的复数形式，而much用于修饰不
13、可数名词。,9,D. Write these sentences again. Use simple past tense.,He buys a new car every year.She airs the room every day.He often loses his pen.He always listens to the news.She empties this basket every day.,He a new car last year.She it this morning.He his pen this morning.He to the news yesterday.
14、She this basket yesterday.,bought,aired,lost,listened,emptied,10,E. Complete these sentences. Use simple past tense.,He bought a new car.Q: Did he buy a new car?Q: What did he buy?N: He didnt buy a new car.3. They were here yesterday.Q: Were they here yesterday?Q: When were they here?N: They werent
15、here yesterday.,5. He gave you a pen.Q: Did he give you a pen?Q: What did he give you?N: He didnt give you a pen.9. You saw that film.Q: Did you see that film?Q: When did you see that film?N: You didnt see that film.10.He arrived at two oclock.Q: Did he arrive at two oclock?Q: When did he arrive?N:
16、He didnt arrive at two oclock.,11,语法小结：一般过去时,1. 基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他 否定形式：was/were+not；在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+其他？ Did+主语+do+其他？ 特殊疑问句： 疑问代词+was/were+主语+其他? 疑问代词+did+主语+动词原形+其他?2. 用法：1）表示过去发生的动作或状态 eg. They went to the park yesterday.2）表示过去经常发生的动作或状态 eg. They always came to help us those
17、 days.3. 动词变化规则1）直接加-ed：work-worked2）以e结尾的单词，直接加-d：live-lived 3）以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加-ed：study-studied 4）以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加-ed：enjoy-enjoyed 5）以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母加-ed： stop-stopped,12,6）不规则变化：,13,E. Complete these sentences. Use general question, special question and negation.,2. She can come tomorrow.Q: Can
18、 she come tomorrow?Q: When can she come?N: She cant come tomorrow.4. He must leave early.Q: Must he leave early?Q: Why he must leave early?N: He neednt leave early.8. He has found his pen.Q: Has he found his pen?Q: What has he found?N: He hasnt found his pen.,6. He lives next door.Q: Does he live ne
19、xt door?Q: Where does he live?N: He doesnt live next door.7. You know him well.Q: Do you know him well?Q: How well do you know him?N: You dont know him well.,14,语法小结：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和否定句,1. 情态动词：must, can/could, may/might, ought to, shall/should, will/would 1）基本结构：主语+情态动词+动词原型+其他 2）否定形式：主语+情态动词+not+动词原型+
20、其他 注意：must的否定形式是neednt3）一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+动词原型+其他？ 4）特殊疑问句： 疑问代词（除why）+情态动词+主语+动词原型+其他? Why+主语+情态动词+动词原形+其他?2. 一般现在时1）基本结构： 主语+am/is/are+其他； 主语+动词原型/动词第三人称单数形式+其他2）否定形式： 主语+am/is/are+not+其他? 主语+助动词do/does+not+动词原型+其他?3）一般疑问句： Am/Is/Are+主语+其他? 助动词Do/Does+主语+动词原型+其他？ 4）特殊疑问句： 疑问代词+am/is/are+主语+其他? 疑问代词+助动
21、词do/does+主语+动词原形+其他?,15,F. Complete these sentences. Use adverbs.,He read the phrase . (slow)He worked . (lazy)He cut himself . (bad)He worked . (careful)The door opened .(sudden),语法小结：形容词转换副词,slowly,lazily,badly,carefully,suddenly,副词（adverb，简写为adv）是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词可分为：地点副词、方式
22、副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。形容词转变成副词的规则：1）直接加-ly：slow-slowly2）以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加-ly：lazy-lazily3）部分以不发音的-e结尾的，去e加-ly：true-truly,16,G. Write these sentences again. Use short forms.,1. He will arrive tomorrow morning.2. She will come this evening.3. I shall see you the day after tomorrow.4. He will not believe me
23、.5. We shall not remain here.,语法小结：be、助动词、情态动词的缩写形式,1. Hell arrive2. Shell come3. Ill see you4. He wont believe5. We shant remain,1. 肯定形式：I am-Im, he is-hes, you are-youre, she will-shell, I shall-Ill, it has-its, they have-theyve2. 否定形式：is notisnt are notarentwas notwasntwere notwerenthas nothasnt
24、have nothaventwill notwont would notwouldntshall notshantshould notshouldntdo notdont did notdidntought notoughtntdare notdarent,17,H. Complete these sentences. Use pronouns.,These things belong to my husband. They are .This coat belongs to me. It is .These shoes belong to my wife. They are .These p
25、ens belong to Tom and Betty. The pens are .This suitcase belongs to you. It is .,1. 英语中的物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用在名词前；名词性物主代词起名词的作用。为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。也就是说，名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 2. 物主代词：,语法小结：物主代词,his,mine,hers,theirs,yours,18,I. Complete these sentences. Use co
26、mparison of adjectives.,It is cool today, but it was yesterday.It is wet today, but it was yesterday.Hes late again today, but he was yesterday.This test is easy, but that one is .This book is expensive, but that one is .This bookcase is large, but that one is .That film was interesting, but the oth
27、er one was .Betty is pretty, but Jane is .Miss Green is beautiful, but Miss White is .Tom is intelligent, but Bill is .,cooler,wetter,later,easier,more expensive,larger,more interesting,prettier,more beautiful,more intelligent,19,语法小结：形容词和副词的比较级,1. 比较级的构成 :1）一般情况下在形容词和副词后直接加-er 2）以-e结尾的形容词和副词加-r 3）以
28、辅音字母 + y 结尾的，改y为i, + -er 4）重读闭音节的单词，双写最后一个辅音字母 + -er 5）多音节单词的比较级和最高级分别在单词前加more 6）不规则变化,20,J. Put in the right word or phrase: yesterday, last night, tomorrow etc.,The date today is Monday, March 5th.I saw him (Sunday, March 4th).I shall see him (Tuesday, March 6th).I shall see him (Monday, March 5t
29、h).I shall see him (Monday, March 5thafternoon).I shall see him (Wednesday, March 7th).I saw him (Saturday, March 3rd).I saw him (Sunday, March 4thnight).I shall see him (Tuesday, March 6thmorning).I shall see him (Monday, March 5thmorning).I saw him (Sunday, March 4thafternoon).,yesterday,tomorrow,
30、today,this afternoon,the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,last night,tomorrow morning,this morning,yesterday afternoon,21,K. Put in at, in or on.,1. He is going to telephone five oclock.2. My birthday is May 21st.3. It is always cold February.4. My father was there 1984.5. He is going to
31、arrive Tuesday.,at,on,in,in,on,L. Put in across, over, between, off along, in, on, into, out of, or under.,1. The airplane is flying the village.2. The ship is going the bridge.3. The boy is swimming the river.4. Two cats are running the wall.5. My books are the self.6. The bottle of milk is the ref
32、rigerator.7. The boy is jumping the branch.8. Mary is sitting her mother and her father.9. It is 9 oclock. The children are going class.10.It is 4 oclock. The children are coming class.,over,under,across / in,along,on,in,off,between,into,out of,22,1. across 1）横越,穿过 We walked across the street. 我们穿过马
33、路。 2）在.那边 He stared at the Englishman across the table. 他两眼一直盯着坐在桌子对面的那个英国人。 3）与.相交叉 The two lines cut across each other. 两条线相互交叉。2. along1）（表示位置）沿着的某地点；在旁的某地方 His room is along this passage. 他的房间在这条通道上。 2）（表示方向）沿着，循着，顺着 I took my dog for a walk along the river. 我带着狗沿那条河散步。 3）（表示方位）靠着 There is a str
34、iped sofa along the wall. 有一张靠墙放着的有条纹的沙发。,语法小结：介词,23,3. at1）在.地点 They were already waiting at the gate when I got there. 2）在.时刻 Jane will meet her boy friend at Christmas. 3）向,朝,对着 Dont shout at me. 4. 在.方面 He is an expert at troubleshooting. 5）因为,由于 I woke at the sound of the bell. 随着铃响,我醒了。 6）从事于,
35、忙于 He is working hard at this thesis. 他正在努力地撰写论文。 7）以(某种价格、速度等) They sold the cloth at a dollar a yard. 4. between 可以表示位置、时间、数目、距离、范围、等级、关系等，意为“在之间”或“在之中”，常用于短语“between twelveand”之中。,24,5. in1）（表示位置）在里面；在，于；在部位上 They live in France. 他们住在法国。 2）（表示时间）在时期，在之后，在过程中 I cannot see you now, come back in hal
36、f an hour. 3）（表示方向）往内，朝方向 I saw him go in the shop. 我看到他走进了商店。 4）（表示状态）处于之中，在情况下 Martin was in his pajamas. 马丁穿着睡衣。 5）（表示方式）用，以，按，乘，以形式 They were speaking in Italian. 他们在讲意大利语。 6）（表示原因）由于，为了 He went in fear of his life. 他为自己的性命担忧, 所以走了。 7）（表示领域、范围）在以内 It is not in my power to do that. 做那事非我力所能及。 8）（
37、表示结果）当做，作为 What did you give him in return? 你给他什么作为报答呢? 9）（表示目的）为了 They set off in search of the lost child. 他们出发去寻找走失的孩子。,25,6. into1）（表示时间）持续到，进行到 The meeting carried on into the afternoon. 会议一直延续到下午。 2）（表示方向）进入中，到里 He came into the room. 3）（表示状态）进入状态，欠债 They burst into laughter. 他们突然大笑起来。 4）（表示对象
38、）撞上，渗进，非常喜欢 He bumped into me. 他撞上了我。 The oil will soak into the wood. 油会渗进木头里。 She is into music. 她喜欢音乐。 5）（表示目标）对着，朝着 She looked into my eyes. 她盯着我的眼睛看。 6）（表示结果）分成，变成 He sawed the stick into pieces. 他把棍子锯成几截。 7）（表示所属）输入 The information goes into a computer.,26,7. off1）（表示位置）在的外面，在的沿海 The boat anch
39、ored off the fort. 那艘船停在堡垒外面。 2）（表示时间）在之前 It is a few minutes off three oclock. 还有几分钟就三点了。 3）（表示方向）从，通向，偏离，从离开 He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上掉下来。8. on1）（表示位置）在上2）（表示时间）在之时 On arriving home, I was met by my daughter. 3）（表示状态）系于，悬于；附于 A picture hangs on the wall. 墙上挂着一幅画。 4）（表示方式）乘，坐，骑 She will leave o
40、n an early train. 她将乘早班火车离开。 5）（表示方位）在方位 The town stands on the left bank of the river.,27,9. out of1）从里面（走出）；离开 2）从的状态中（离开） Were out of danger. 我们现在脱离了危险。 3）越出之外 Out of sight, out of mind. 离久情疏。 4）缺乏，没有 Theyre out of water. 他们缺水。 10. over1）（表示位置）在的正上方；在的上面；在的上空 The clouds are right over us. 现在云正在我们
41、的头顶上。 2）（表示位置）遍布在上面，扩展到全部 Brilliant light poured over me. 耀眼的光洒遍我的全身。 3）（表示方向）越过，从一边至的另一边 Instead of opening the gate, we climbed over it. 11. under1）在下面，在底下 2）少于，低于 He cannot be under thirty years of age. 3）在情况下，在过程中 The car is under repairs. 这辆汽车在修理中。,28,M. Put in Who or Which.,1. hat did you buy?
42、2. broke this plate?3. bus did you catch?4. is knocking at the door?5. of the two books do you want?,Which,Who,Which,Who,Which,语法小结：who & which的用法,who用作疑问代词，意为“谁”、“什么人”which可用作疑问代词，意为“哪一个”、“哪一些”，也可用作形容词，意为“哪一”,29,N. Join these sentences in the same way. Use who, whom or which.,1. This is the car. Th
43、e mechanic repaired it yesterday. This is the car which the mechanic repaired yesterday.2. He is the man. I invited him to the party. He is the man whom I invited to the party.3. These are the things. I bought them yesterday. These are the things which I bought yesterday.4. He is the man. He came he
44、re last week. He is the man who came here last week.5. He is the policeman. He caught the thieves. He is the policeman who caught the thieves.,30,6. She is the nurse. She looked after me. She is the nurse who looked after me.7. She is the woman. I met her yesterday. She is the woman whom I met yeste
45、rday.8. I am the person. I wrote to you. I am the person who wrote to you.9. They are the people. I saw them yesterday. They are the people whom I saw yesterday.10.They are the trees. We cut them down yesterday. They are the trees which we cut down yesterday.,31,语法小结：定语从句,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定
46、语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 1. 指人的关系代词：who（作主语）、whom（作宾语）、that（作主语或宾语）、whose（作定语）The teacher will punish the students who / that are lazy.Professor Li is one of the professors whom / that I admire.Mr. Johns whose life was once very hard, is now successful in his business.2. 指物的
47、关系代词：which（作主语或宾语）、that（作主语或宾语）、whose（作定语）He bought a book which / that is written by O Henry.These birds which / that he set free were a gift from his aunt.The big room whose windows are red is mine.,32,O. Complete these sentences. Use the plural form of the given nouns.,1. I can see some spoons, b
48、ut I cant see any (knife).2. I can see some hammers, but I cant see any (box).3. I can see some cupboards, but I cant see any (shelf).4. I can see Mr. Hones and Mr. Brown, but I cant see their (wife).5. I can see some cups, but I cant see any (dish).,knives,boxes,shelves,wives,dishes,33,1. 可以以数计算的事物
49、名词称为可数名词，前面可加不定冠词或其相应的代词（如another, one, some, every, each等），并能用于复数形式。一般说来，个体名词和集体名词是可数名词，可数名词有单数形式和复数形式。2. 可数名词的复数形式1）一般在单数名词后直接加-s2）以s, sh, ch, x结尾和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词加-es例如：hero-heroes, tomato-tomatoes, piano-pianos, photo-photos, radio-radios3）以f或fe结尾的名词，改f或fe为v，再加-es例如：shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, roof-
50、roofs, chief-chiefs, thief-thieves4）以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es例如：baby-babies, play-plays5）不规则变化的名词例如：man-men, foot-feet, sheep-sheep, deer-deer, child-children, mouse-mice, Chinese-two Chinese, Englishman-Englishmen, German-Germans, editors-in-chief, grown-ups, a man teacher-two men teachers,语法小结：可数名词的
