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1、呼 吸 系 统 疾 病,复 习,一呼吸系统组成及特点气管 支气管 小支气管 细支气管 终末细支气管 肺泡 肺泡囊 肺泡管 呼吸性细支气管*肺导气部 *肺呼吸部*小气道 *肺小叶 *肺腺泡,二肺组织学 气管和支气管的组织结构:分三层,粘膜上皮含三种细胞,粘膜上皮中含假复层或单层纤毛柱状上皮,杯状细胞和神经内分泌细胞,细支气管:上皮成分,不含软骨和腺体,肺泡上皮:分I型和II型,数量和功能,Microscopic structure of the alveolar wall. Note that the basement membrane (yellow) is thin on one side
2、and widened where it is continuous with the interstitial space. Portions of interstitial cells are shown.,trachea,bronchiole,pulmonary alveoli,三 呼吸系统的防御装置:,*黏液-纤毛排送系统 210m*肺泡巨噬细胞 2 m,肺 炎pneumonia,分类:,感染性,理化性(放射性、吸入性 和类脂性),变态反应性(过敏性和风湿),2、根据部位的不同分肺泡性和间质性,3、根据病变性质,1、根据病因分类,大叶性肺炎 lobar pneumonia,1.概念:主
3、要由肺炎球菌引起的以肺泡内弥 漫性纤维素渗出为主的炎症,常累 及肺叶的大部或全部。年龄、性别 和季节分布。2.病因及发病机制:多由肺炎球菌引起,常 以1、3、7和2型多见, 3型毒力强3.病变:多见于左肺或右肺下叶,(1)充血水肿期(1-2天),(2)红色肝样变期(3-4天),(3)灰色肝样变期(5-6天),(4)溶解消散期(7-),4、临床病理联系,充血水肿期 毒血症 X-ray红色肝样变期 实变、呼吸音、 X-ray、痰灰色肝样变期 实变、呼吸音、 X-ray、痰溶解消散期 呼吸音、 X-ray,现今,典型的大叶性肺炎的四期病变少见。,Upper right lobe pneumonia,
4、Middle lobe pneumonia,5.并发症,(1)肺肉质变 (pulmonary arnification),Early organization of intra-alveolar exudate, seen in areas to be streaming through the pores of Kohn (arrow).,(2)化脓性胸膜炎及脓胸(3)肺脓肿(4)败血症或脓毒败血症(5)感染性休克,Abscess formation,Lung Abscess,Abscess formation,Lung Abscess,lung abscess with complete
5、destruction of underlying parenchyma within the focus of involvement,小叶性肺炎 lobular pneumonia,1.概念:以细支气管为中心的化脓性炎症。年龄和季节分布。2.病因及发病机制 :常见的致病菌为葡萄球菌、肺炎球菌、嗜血流感杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、链球菌、绿脓杆菌及大肠杆菌。发生常有诱因。常为某些疾病的并发症。,3.病理变化,(1)肉眼:,以细支气管为中心,直径、颜色、部位,融合性支气管肺炎(confluent bronchopneumonia),可融合,与大叶性 肺炎区别,Normal alveolar,(2)镜
6、下:,细支气管,受累肺泡,代偿肺泡,4.病理与临床联系 (1)发热、咳嗽、咳痰 (2)呼吸困难及紫绀 (3)有无实变 (4)听诊 (5)x线照片,5.并发症 (1)呼吸衰竭 (2)心力衰竭 (3)肺脓肿、脓胸、脓毒败血症 (4)支气管扩张,6 大、小叶性肺炎的区别病因患者年龄病变性质病变范围临床表现线并发症预后,军团菌性肺炎,Legionaires disease,流 行 病 学,1976年美国退伍军人协会集会,发生一种原因不明的重症肺炎暴发流行,死亡率极高。美国从尸检肺中查出立克次体样微生物,后证实为G-杆菌,并命名为嗜肺军团菌(legionella pneumophilia),流 行 病
7、学,1981年在南京发现国内第一例军团菌病例,北京(39例)和唐山各暴发流行一次公共场所人群集中处暴发流行传播途径:空气,病 因,军团菌共有42种,64个血清型,临床多为I型,为需氧G-杆菌,Gimenez染色呈红色,只有在含有L-半胱氨酸和铁的培养基(F-G培养基)中才能生长。,临 床 特 点,早期肺部听诊有湿罗音,进而出 现肺实变体征 胸片:早期为斑片状肺内浸润阴 影,进而肺实变,少量胸腔积液, 甚至脓胸 血军团菌抗体(+);金标准为DNA杂 交实验,肺的病理变化,肉眼观:,两肺重量增加,平均2000g,可达2500g两肺散在分布的灰白色斑片,病变区质地变实严重者整个大叶实变,似大叶性肺炎
8、.,镜下观:,以细支气管为中心的肺急性纤维素性化脓性炎细支气管壁大量中性粒细胞浸润,组织坏死;肺泡腔内充满大量中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、纤维素及脱落的肺泡上皮细胞,其内含军团杆菌肺泡壁血管扩张、充血纤维素性胸膜炎,肺的病理变化,小脓肿,病 毒 性 肺 炎,Viral Pneumonia,病原:常见为流感病毒,其次为呼吸道合胞 病毒、腺病毒、副流感病毒、麻疹病 毒、单纯疱疹病毒和巨细胞病毒年龄分布:儿童多见,病 理 变 化,小叶间隔和肺泡壁增宽间质充血水肿淋巴细胞、单核细胞浸润肺泡一般不累及重者有肺泡的浆液纤维素性炎巨细胞包涵体形成,病毒包涵体性状: 约红细胞大小,常呈嗜酸性红染,其周围有透明晕。,
9、病毒包涵体位置:在增生的上皮细胞中 仅在细胞浆:呼吸道合胞病毒 胞浆和胞核:麻疹病毒 仅在细胞核:腺病毒、单纯疱疹病毒 巨细胞病毒,Cytomegalovirus distinct nuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in the lung,Cells from the blister in showing glassy intra-nuclear herpes simplex inclusion bodies,Measles giant cells in the lung. Note the glassy eosinophilic intranuclear and
10、cytoplasmic inclusions,Severe acute respiratory syndrome,严重急性呼吸综合征,病原体:冠状病毒 病理改变:主要在肺 肉眼:肿胀、重量增加、切面实变,似大叶性肺炎 镜下:急性弥漫性肺泡损伤改变,如肺水肿、纤维素渗出、透明膜形成,巨噬细胞聚集和II型肺泡上皮脱落,肺泡上皮融合成多核巨细胞,胞质内病毒包涵体形成。,支原体性肺炎,Mycoplasmal Pneumonia,概 念,支原体是一种介于细菌与病毒间的微生物,引起间质性肺炎改变,在肺炎支原体被发现以前,被称为原发性非典型肺炎。种类多,但仅肺炎支原体能引起呼吸道疾病。,传播途径 :多经飞沫
11、感染年龄分布:青少年,并随年龄增长而降低。X-ray: 肺部节段性的纹理增强及网状或斑片状阴影。不易与病毒性肺炎鉴别:肺炎支原体培养确诊。,病 理 变 化,肉眼:病变常仅累及一个肺叶,以下叶多见,病灶呈节段性分布。镜下:病变主要发生在肺间质,肺泡间隔明显增宽,充血、水肿,伴大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞和单核细胞浸润,肺泡腔一般无渗出物。,间质性肺炎:肺泡间隔增宽,大量炎细胞浸润,Pneumocystis Pneumonia,卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎,Pneumocystis Pneumonia病原体:原认为是原虫易感者:几乎每人出生后都受过感染,但呈隐性感染;AIDS、营养不良的婴幼儿、免疫功能抑制者,间质性
12、肺炎改变肺泡腔内充满大量泡沫性渗出物银染可显示泡沫性渗出物和巨噬细胞内的肺孢菌。46微米;新月形、足球样或头盔样;囊壁厚,内有12微米大小之滋养体。,慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD,1.病因及发病机制 *感染因素 *理化因素 *过敏因素 *吸 烟,一慢性支气管炎(chronic bronchitis),2.病理变化 (1) 粘膜上皮的损伤与修复 (2) 腺体的变化 (3)平滑肌、软骨的改变 (4)管壁充血,慢性炎细胞浸润,3.临床病理联系: 咳嗽 咳痰 喘息4.并发症: 肺气肿 慢性肺源性心脏病,肺气肿pulmonary e
13、mphysema,指呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡因过度充气呈持久性过度扩张,并伴有肺泡间隔破坏,以致肺组织弹性减弱,容积增大的一种病理状态。,概念,2.病因及发病机制 (1) 慢性支气管炎 (2)1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏,弹性蛋白酶增多、活性增高 。,3.分类及病理变化 (1)肺泡性肺气肿(alveolar emphysema) 阻塞性肺气肿腺泡中央型(centriacinar emphysema),全腺泡型 (panacinar emphysema) 肺大泡(bullae lung) *,Centriacinar emphysema. Central areas show marked emp
14、hysematous damage (E), surrounded by relatively spared alveolar spaces.,Panacinar emphysema involving the entire pulmonary architecture,腺泡周围型(periacinar emphysema) (2)间质性肺气肿(interstitial emphysema)(3)其它 瘢痕旁肺气肿(不规则型肺肿) (paracicatrical emphysema) 老年性肺气肿(老年性肺过度充气) (senile emphysema) 代偿性肺气肿(非真性肺气肿) (com
15、pensatory emphysema),(1)肉眼 体积膨大 边缘钝圆 色泽灰白 弹性差,病变特点,(2)镜下,5. 临床表现,(1)呼气性呼吸困难(2)桶状胸 (3)胸片,肺功能检查(4)并发症: 肺心病 自发性气胸 呼吸衰竭及肺性脑病,支气管扩张症bronchiectasis,1.概念:肺内支气管管腔持久性扩张伴管壁纤维性增厚的慢性化脓性疾病。2.病因及发病机理 (1)感染 (2)遗传因素:,3.病理变化,部位肉眼,镜下,The bronchial wall shows acute and chronic inflammation. The lumen is filled with in
16、flammatory exudate,(1)慢性咳嗽、大量脓痰、反复咯血、胸痛、感染中毒症状。临床确诊:支气管碘油造影。 (2)并发症:肺炎、肺脓肿、脓胸、脓气胸、肺气肿、肺心病,4.临床表现,肺尘埃沉着症 pneumoconiosis,病灶在哪?,1.概述 2.病因及发病机理 (1)病因:游离SiO2 进入肺泡的硅尘微粒去路:,肺硅沉着症(silicosis),(2)机理: 肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬硅尘硅尘与溶酶体融合SiO2与水聚合成硅酸硅酸的羟基与溶酶体膜内脂蛋白中氢原子形成氢键损伤溶酶体膜的稳定性或完整性溶酶体膜通透性增高或破裂大量水解酶溢到巨噬细胞胞浆内巨噬细胞自溶崩解(释放硅尘及致纤维化因
17、子、炎症介质)。,3.病变,基本病变: 硅结节形成和弥漫性肺间质纤维化 特征性病变: 硅结节(silicotic nodule) 肉眼: 边界清楚,直径2-5mm,圆形或椭圆形,灰白色,质硬,有砂样感。晚期直径可超过2cm,中央可形成空洞。,Advanced silicosis seen on transection of lung. Scarring has contracted the upper lobe into a small dark mass (arrow). Note the dense pleural thickening.,镜下: 细胞性硅结节纤维性胶原性硅结节:由呈同心圆
18、状或旋涡状排列的、已发生玻璃样变的胶原纤维构成,中央常有内膜增厚或闭塞的小血管。,Several coalescent collagenous silicotic nodules.,肺间质纤维化,(1)肺结核病:硅肺结核silicotuberculosis (2)肺源性心脏病 间质弥漫纤维化 硅结节内小血管闭塞性血管内膜炎 (3)慢性支气管炎及阻塞性肺气肿 (4)自发性气胸 5.病理与临床联系,4.并发症,鼻咽癌nasopharyngeal carcinoma,1、病因 EB病毒(Epstein-Barr Virus,EBV) 环境因素 遗传因素,(1)部位: (2)肉眼: 结节型;菜花型;溃
19、疡型;黏膜下型 (3)镜下: . 鳞状细胞癌: . 腺癌 . 未分化癌(鼻咽型未分化癌;泡状核细胞癌),2、病变,3、扩散与转移: (1)直接蔓延 (2) 淋巴道转移 * 咽后淋巴结 颈上深淋巴结群 (3)血道转移,4、临床与病理联系: 头痛、鼻塞、回缩性涕血、耳鸣,听力减退、复视、颅神经受损症状和体征、颈部肿块,肺癌lung cancer,(1) 吸烟 (2) 空气污染 (3) 职业因素 (4) 病毒 (5) 基因的改变,1.病因,(1) 肉眼类型:中央型central carcinomaof the lung,2.病变,周围型(peripheral carcinoma of the lun
20、g)弥漫型(diffuse carcinoma of the lung),* 隐性肺癌,(2)镜下:, 鳞癌, 腺癌,细支气管肺泡癌(bronchioalvolar carcinoma),特殊类型腺癌:, 小细胞癌 small cell carcinoma,metastatic small cell lung cancer Electron micrograph,大细胞癌,腺鳞癌(混合性癌),4.病理与临床联系,(1)常见早期症状 (2)胸腔血性积液(3)局限性肺气肿或肺萎陷(4)上腔静脉综合征(5)交感神经麻痹综合征(Horner综合征)(6)上肢疼痛及手部肌肉萎缩:侵犯壁丛神经(7)肺外症
21、状:副肿瘤综合征 *早期诊断,A 54-year-old male presents with several problems involving his face and pain in his shoulder. He states that he has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes a day for almost 40 years. Physical examination reveals ptosis of his left upper eyelid, constriction of his left pupil, and lack of sweati
22、ng (anhidrosis) on the left side of his face. No other neurologic abnormalities are found.,练习题,This individual most likely has a. A bronchioloalveolar carcinoma involving the left upper lobeb. A small cell carcinoma involving the hilum of his left lungc. A squamous cell carcinoma involving the left
23、mainstem bronchusd. An adenocarcinoma involving the apex of his left lunge. An endobronchial carcinoid tumor involving the right mainstem bronchus,Question,A 39-year-old female presents with a cough and increasing short- ness of breath. A chest x-ray is interpreted by the radiologist as show-ing a r
24、ightlower lobe (RLL) pneumonia. No mass lesions are seen. The woman istreated with antibiotics, but her symptoms do not im-prove. On her return visit, the area of consolidation appears to be in-creased. Bronchoscopy is performed. No bronchial masses are seen, but a transbronchial biopsy is obtained
25、in an area of mucosal erythe-ma in the RLL. After the diagnosis is made, the RLL is removed and a section from this specimen reveals welldifferentiated mucus-secret-ing columnar epithelial cells that infiltrate from alveolus to alveolus.,What is the correct diagnosis? a. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
26、 b. Carcinoid c. Large cell carcinoma d. Small cell carcinoma e. Squamous cell carcinoma,Question,A 67-year-old male long-term smoker presents with weight loss, a persistent cough, fever, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Physical exam-ination reveals a cachectic male with clubbing of his fingers and dull
27、-ness to percussion over his right lower lobe. A chest x-ray reveals a 3.5-cm hilar mass on the right and postobstructive pneumonia of the right lower lobe. Sputum cytology is suspicious for malignant cells. Histologic examination of a transbronchial biopsy specimen reveals infiltrating groups of ce
28、lls with scant cytoplasm. No glandular struct-ures or keratin production are seen.The nuclei of these cells are about twice the size of normal lymphocytes and do not appear to have nucleoli.,What is the correct diagnosis of the lung lesion in this individual? a. Adenocarcinoma b. Hamartoma c. Large
29、cell undifferentiated carcinoma d. Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma e. Squamous cell carcinoma,Question,患者,男,42岁。因发现颈左侧肿块1年,伴涕血、耳鸣、头痛半年,胸部疼痛2月而入院。患者于1年前发现颈左上部蚕豆大小肿块,无疼痛,可推动,半年后增大至鸡蛋大小,经消炎治疗无缩小,近半年常出现吸涕带血现象,伴左耳鸣及左侧头痛,且渐加重。近2月背部持续性疼痛。,CPC,体查:神清,颈左上部可扪及5cm4cm3.5cm大小肿块,质硬,固定,无压痛,左眼出现复视,左眼球外展受限,第3胸椎有压痛。间接鼻咽镜检查:鼻咽左侧顶部粘膜稍粗糙,未见肿块。VCA-Ig1:80, CT:第3胸椎骨质密度减低,左侧颅底骨质有虫蚀状破坏。鼻咽活检:粘膜慢性炎症,未见癌。左颈部肿块活检:淋巴结转移性低分化鳞癌。,CPC,1.根椐所学知识,为病人作出诊断和诊断依据,原发灶最可能的部位是何处?如何确诊?2.该病例的发展过程?3.颈部出现肿块应考虑一些什么疾病?,CPC,请保护环境,