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1、转换法 conversion,由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective) 转换的形式多种多样，大体可分为6种：词类转换，句子成分转换，表达方式转换，语序转换；正面表达与反面表达转换，主动式与被动式转换。,1,.,2022/12/1,一、词类转换,概念：将源语中属于一种词类的词语翻译成为目标语中属于另一类词类的词语的翻译方法。转译为动词转译为名词转译为形容词其它词类转译,2,.,2022/12/1,（一） 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词 1. A
2、n acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的.2. A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here. 从这里可以看到富士山。3. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then into a huge building. 他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进入了一座大厦.4. They were susp
3、icious and resentful of him. 他们不信任他，讨厌他。5. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去，忘了穿鞋子。,3,.,2022/12/1,名词转译为动词（基本方法）,英语中有些以后缀-er,-or结尾的名词，在句中并非指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，需要翻译为动词。 I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我恐怕教不了你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教的好。
4、n.v.,4,.,2022/12/1,（二） 英语动词、形容词转换为汉语名词,参考译文：1.The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。 v.n.2. The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。 v.n.,5,.,2022/12/1,三）. 英语名词转换为汉语形容词,参考译文：.I deeply believe in the
5、 correctness of my decision. 我深信我的决定是正确的。n.adj.The garden party is a great success. 那个花园聚会真是成功极了/圆满极了。 n.adj.,6,.,2022/12/1,四). 其它词类转译,参考译文：1. We took brief, restless naps.我们短短地，不安地睡了几次.adj.adv.2. This film impressed me deeply.这部电影给了我深刻的印象adv.adj.3. He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想
6、健康。adv.n.,7,.,2022/12/1,Reference:1. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. 他倒是不抽烟，但他爸爸却一支又一支不停地抽。 n.v.2. John was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 约翰有口才，有风度，但很软弱。adj.n.3.I am totally a stranger in this city.我对这个城市完全陌生。 n. adj.4. I have the honor to inform you that我很荣幸地通知你n.adv.,8,.,2022/12
7、/1,二、 句子成分转换,转换句子成分是使译文符合译语表达习惯的一种手段，因为英汉两种语言句子转换有差异：英语中名词用的频繁，经常出现主系表结构；而汉语中动词、副词用得多，导致主+谓+宾成为基本句型。 e.g The paper is the introduction of translation skills. 本文介绍了各种翻译技巧。,9,.,2022/12/1,一、转换为汉语主语,1.状语译为主语There are different elements in nature自然界有各种不同的元素。There be 句型还可以译为无主语，应视具体情况灵活处理。若原文句中状语在逻辑意义上说明主
8、语时，亦可译为主语，原来的主语则译为定语。e.g He was wounded in the leg. 他的腿部受伤。,10,.,2022/12/1,2.宾语译为主语,1.A car battery has a voltage of 6 or 12 volts. 汽车的电瓶的电压为6伏或12伏。2.The earth has the shape of a spheroid. 地球的形状是椭圆形的。,11,.,2022/12/1,3.表语译为主语,1.Our main task now is to develop the students ability to carry on independ
9、ent work. 培养学生的独立工作能力是我们现在的主要任务。2.Matter is anything that occupies space. 凡占有空间的都是物质。,12,.,2022/12/1,4.介词宾语译为主语,1.He is strong of will. 他的意志很坚强。2.With the introduction of the new method,the products decreased in cost. 引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。,13,.,2022/12/1,二、转换为汉语谓语,1.主语译为谓语 The statement of the Commercial
10、 Invoice and the Combined Invoice is as follows. 商业发票和联合票可表述如下。,14,.,2022/12/1,2.定语译为谓语,1.Each time he was the first man to arrive and the last to leave. 每次他总是第一个来，最后一个走。2.Its limited thickness and youthful age are other discoveries. 它厚度有限，年代短，这是另外两个发现。,15,.,2022/12/1,3.表语译为谓语,1.He was afraid he had
11、 made a mistake. 他担心他犯了一个错误。2.We are sure that they will succeed. 我们坚信他们会胜利。3.This explanation is against the natural laws. 这种解释违反自然规律。,16,.,2022/12/1,4.宾语译为谓语,Physical changs do not result in formation of new substances,nor do they involve a change in composition. 物理变化不生成新物质，也不改变物质的成分。,17,.,2022/12
12、/1,三、转换为汉语的宾语,1.被动语态的句子中若无by引出的逻辑主语，句中的主语可译为汉语的宾语。e.g Coal can be dug out everywhere in that place. 在那个地方到处可以挖到煤。,18,.,2022/12/1,2.若被动语态的句子中有by引导的逻辑主语，则可译为主动式的主谓宾结构。 a.He was seen by his classmates. 他的同学看到过他。 b.The steam engine was invented by Watt. 瓦特发明了蒸汽机。,19,.,2022/12/1,3.定语转译为宾语,某些由疑问词where,whe
13、ther,how等引出的定语可转换为汉语宾语。e.g Have you any idea as to where he has gone? 你知道他去哪儿了？,20,.,2022/12/1,四、转换为汉语定语,1.表语译为定语 The grass smelt fresh and sweet. 草地发出清新的香味。2.主语译为定语 We are all of the same opinion. 我们的看法是一致的。,21,.,2022/12/1,3.状语译为定语,若地点状语位于句首，常译为主语的定语。Here in China,things are complicated and are dec
14、ided by many factors.中国的事情是复杂的，是由各方面因素决定的,22,.,2022/12/1,三、表达方式转换,英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服这些差异，翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。,23,.,2022/12/1,（一） 英语中有一些计量词，如score, dozen, decade, quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。例如：(1) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this con
15、tinent a new nation. 译：87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。 (2)Two decades ago, I was still a little girl. 译：20年前，我还只是个小姑娘。(3)It is six of one and half a dozen of the other.这不过是半斤八两。,24,.,2022/12/1,（二） 由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。例如： She has been a widow only for six months. 译1： 她丈夫死了至今才不过半
16、年。 译2：她只当了6个月的寡妇。(2) Is there a special rate by the month? Yes, there is a 10% discount. 按月计算有什么优惠吗？ 有，可以打9折。,25,.,2022/12/1,四、 语序转换,句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中使用倒装语序，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等；而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少。所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序,26,.,2022/12/1,四、 语序转换,倒装语序转换为自然语序 (1) Away ran the boy. 男孩跑开了。 (
17、2) Slowly climbs the summer moon. 夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。,27,.,2022/12/1,五）正面表达与反面表达转换,什么是正面表达？什么是反面表达？由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的“正说反译、反说正译”法。,28,.,2022/12/1,（一）英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达 frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱 Freeze! 别动！,29,.,2022/12/1,参考译文Wet paint! 油
18、漆未干！ He is mortally ill. 他患上不治之症 We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任. 4. Sadly, Mary died before she could see his grandson. 遗憾的是，玛丽未能看见她的孙子就去世了.,30,.,2022/12/1,（二）英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达1. You cant be too careful. 你要特别小心。2. He carelessly glanced throug
19、h the note and got away. 他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。3. Such deeds couldnt long escape notice. 这种行为迟早会被人发觉的。,31,.,2022/12/1,六. 主动式与被动式转换,Outline英语被动语态的用法 被动语态的译法 主动式与被动式转换,32,.,2022/12/1,1. 英语被动语态的用法,英语中被动语态的使用比汉语较为普遍。英语句子在下列情况下一般使用被动语态：A不必或者无法说明主动者是谁B谈话的中心是承受者而不是主动者C出于礼貌，不愿说明谁是主动者D为了使句子易于安排例句:,33,.,2022/12/1,
20、1.This book has been translated into several foreign languages. 该书已经译成了好几种外国语言。2.The machines here are all made in China. 这儿的所有机器都是中国制造的。3.Im flattered. 你过奖了。 4.Unfortunately, their plans failed and were mercilessly criticized by their opponents. 不幸的是，他们的计划失败了，并且遭到了反对者们的批评。,34,.,2022/12/1,2. 被动语态的译法
21、,Outline1. 英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧;2. 英语被动句译为汉语被动句的技巧,35,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧1.原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语;2.原文中的主语在译文中作宾语;3.译成带表语的主动句;4. 常用固定句型的翻译.,36,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧,1.原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语;如: This project should be finished as soon as possible. 这项工程应该尽早完成。This must be made clear to everybody. 这一点必须向大家讲明白。
22、,37,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧,2. 原文中的主语在译文中作宾语如: This issue is not much talked about in China. 在中国（人们）很少谈论这个问题。 800 people have been saved by the organization. 这个组织已拯救了八百人。,38,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧,3.译成带表语的主动句如：The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 The boy was found at
23、the corner of the 8th road. 这个男孩是在第八大道的街角找到的。,39,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语主动句的技巧4. 常用固定句型的翻译It is reported that 据报道 It is supposed that 据推测 It is hoped that 希望 It must be pointed out that 必须指出 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It is believed that 有人相信 It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾说 It is ge
24、nerally considered that 大家认为,40,.,2022/12/1,参考译文：With the outbreak of the war, flights were stepped up. 随着战争的爆发，飞行日益增加。2. This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature. 该液体在室温下和盐混合了。分析：原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语,41,.,2022/12/1,英语被动句译为汉语被动句的技巧：汉语也有用被动语态表达的情况。这时，通常都是着重被动的动作，有些说出了动作的主动者，有些则不说出。英语的被动句译
25、成汉语被动句时往往借助于以下各种表达方式：1. “被” 2. “给” 3. “遭/受” 4. “为.所” 5. “把”， “由” 等,42,.,2022/12/1,例如：1.My spectacles were taken away from me.我的眼镜被/给人拿走了。2.They were given a heartedly welcome.他们受到热烈欢迎。,43,.,2022/12/1,参考译文：1. Both the father and the son were thrown into prison. 父子倆都被投进了监狱。2.Wherever she went, the pri
26、ncess was welcomed with great enthusiasm. 无论走到哪儿，公主都受到非常热烈的欢迎。3.The children were taken care of by their grandparents when we were away. 当我们不在时，孩子们由他们的祖父母照看。4.Everybody in the room was shocked by his thundering voice. 他那雷鸣般的嗓音把房间里所有的人惊呆了。,44,.,2022/12/1,3.主动式与被动式转换,被动转换为主动 1. Dont worry; you will be
27、 brought to meet the boss in a few minutes. 别担心，马上会有人带你去见老板的。2. In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant youll feel warm all the way through. 过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。,45,.,2022/12/1,主动转换为被动 有时, 英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句来表达，但这一现象似不多见。His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。 (2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks below, where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。,46,.,2022/12/1,
