《语言学重点章节整理课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学重点章节整理课件.ppt（244页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、语言学重点章节整理,What is language?Several shared points in all thesedefinitionsx Language is a means of communicationx Language is verbal, arbitrary symbol*Language distinguishes us from animalsLanguage is restricted to humans, and differsfrom all other possible languages such asanimal communication and ar
2、tificial languageLanguage is instrumental, social andconventional,Design features of language(语言的本质特征)The features that define our humanlanguages can be called dEsignFEATURESthe defining properties of human languageas against animal communication(Charles Hockett,DESIGN FEATURES of languageArbitrarin
3、ess(任意性)Dua|ty(二重性)Creativity(创造性)Displacement(移位性),Arbitrariness(任意性)x firstly discussed by Saussure(Swiss, Fatherof modern linguistics)Arbitrariness refers to the fact thatthe forms of linguistic signs bearsno natural relationshipto their meanings,There is no motivated relationshipbetween the sign
4、 and what it is a sign forThe symbols have been chosen arbitrarilyfor the messageIllustrations:One form of language can meandifferently in different contextsThe same meaning can be expressed indifferent linguistic forms,Different levels of arbitrarinessa between the sound and its meaninge.g. the dog
5、s barkingonomatopoeia in a language acrosslanguagesb)at the syntactic levelless arbitrary than words there is a certaindegree of correspondence between thesequence of clauses and the real happeningse.g. He came in and sat downHe sat down and came in,Arbitrariness and conventionThe link between a lin
6、guistic sign and itsmeaning is conventionalThe reationship between the speech soundsand the meanings they presented is, for mostpart, arbitraryBut once it is created the user can not change itat willIt has to become conventional to be sharedand accepted and followed by its users,nomatter native lang
7、uage users, or foreignlanguage learners,Duality(二重性) Dualitythe property of having two levels ofstructuresthe primary level are composed ofelements of the secondary level andeach of the two levels has its ownprinciples of organization,Two levels of structureAt the first, higher level, language isana
8、lyzed in terms of combinations ofmeaningful units(such as morphemes, wordsAt the second lower level, it is seen as asequence of segments which lack any meaningin themse/ves, but which combine to form unitsof meaning,x This organization of language into twolevels. a lower level of sounds whichcombine into a higher level of largerunits, is known as duality of structurex The duality feature is consideredcentral to human language, which noanimal communication possesses.,1、最灵繁的人也看不见自己的背脊。非洲2、最困难的事情就是认识自己。希腊3、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。黑塞4、与肝胆人共事，无字句处读书。周恩来5、阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。培根,
