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1、.,1,IELTS,大作文写作手法IDA,IELTS,IELTS,.,2,目录,.,3,Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Task Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidates ideas are relevant, developed and supported; the extent to which t
2、he candidates position is clear and effective),.,4,Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Coherence连贯性 and Cohesion衔接 (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organised and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the information is linked),.,5,Examiners assess the answers accordi
3、ng to these criteria,Lexical Resource词汇资源 (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task),.,6,Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Grammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range of structures used, how accurately they are used
4、 and how appropriate they are for the task),.,7,段落的组织,250字，4段至5段话，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction: state your viewBody: support your view with reasons, arguments, examplesConclusion: restate your view主体段落：Topic sentence + supporting sentences,.,8,Argumentative devices - Ways to d
5、evelop a paragraph（论证方法）,exemplification（举例说明），explanation（解释说明），cause and effect（因果论证），comparison and contrast（比较与对比）concession and refutation（让步与反驳），classification（分类）,.,9,Exemplification,Example: a specific fact, idea, person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show
6、 what is typical of a larger group举例相关关联词：For exampleFor instanceTake (Consider)as an exampleA case in pointsuch asincluding,.,10,Some people think that animals should be treated as friends. Yet others only consider animals as sources of food and clothing. To what extent do you agree or disagree?,Sa
7、mple AnswerThere is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. This leads to the cruel slaughter of animals all over the world every year. Yet, in my opinion, instead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends.It is an undeni
8、able fact that animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earths ecological system. The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world. Therefore, to some extent, killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.For thousands of years, many
9、animals have given loyal service to humans. Pigeons convey messages in wartime, and dogs help to detect crime. Even pigs, which many people think are the most stupid animals, are used in the battle against drugs. There is no doubt that our lives would be far less convenient without a little help fro
10、m our animal friends. Animals also help humans in a spiritual way. There is nothing better than keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible. It is also noted that senior citizens live longer if they keep pets after their retirement.To sum up, animals are human
11、 beings friends. Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind: Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves. Therefore, for our own future benefit, please treat animals with love and care.,.,11,Topic sentence:A growing number of environm
12、ental problems are no longer confined to a certain region or country. For example, oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers, which in turn, may raise sea levels worldwide.,.,12,练习,Topic sentence:The advertisements on
13、 TV, newspaper and other kinds of media may confuse consumers and make them rush to purchase products which they dont really need.Take the cell phone for example. Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in advertisements. Whats more, the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosph
14、ere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their phones continuously while ignoring the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.,.,13,Explanation,解释：It meansThat is to sayIn other wordsTo put it another wayBy that I mean,.,14,I believe the traditional family, with
15、both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.Education after birth plays a significant role in ones development. Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge, is a deciding f
16、actor of ones success. For example, a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education. This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired, but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is impart
17、ed and refined during ones senior education.I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, makin
18、g other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.),.,15,Cause and Effect,Cause:because ofas a result ofdue tothanks toowing tobecauseassinceforResult:as a resultas a consequenceaccordinglyin this waythushencesotherefore,.,16,练习,妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力
19、不如男子。Women should be join in the armyWomen should not be a member of the armyWomen should not take up a military career because they are not as strong as menbecause they are inferior to men in physical strengthbecause of their physical inadequacies,.,17,In many countries schools have severe problems
20、 with student behavior.What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?,范文：Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that familie
21、s are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the
22、 children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that th
23、eir parents did.,.,18,Comparison and Contrast,similarlylikewisein the same mannerin the same waybutwhilewhereaswhilston the contraryin contrastby contraston the other handinsteadratherconversely,Plane is the fastest means of transportation. It used to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car.
24、Now, we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air. What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by air.,.,19,Concession and Refutation,althoughwhileadmittedlyit is true thatit is often the case thatbuthowevernevertheless,.,20,Although old people are unlikely to face physica
25、lly challenging tasks, there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people, such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power. With their rich experience in both work and life, many old people would make good consultants, instructors, coaches, doctors and psycholo
26、gists, to mention only a few. Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there are certainly
27、gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.,.,21,论证方法总结及分类论证,妇女是否应当参军？In many countries, women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis with men and some people think that only men should be a member of th
28、e army, navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree?,.,22,应当；不应当；主体客体分类Why should?战争的状态和要求The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and so women have an equal basis as men.参军的职责Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up children with women, so women should bea
29、r the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.Why should not?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）男女分工不同Culturally speaking, women are not fit for the position of killing.分类：主体/客体主体分类：什么妇女？客体分类：当什么兵？,.,23,完整文章分析：Many people believe that women make better parents than me
30、n and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting. Write an essay expressing your point of view.,.,24,Sample Answer:The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true througho
31、ut history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their gen
32、erally better communication skills.From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they identify this as a
33、 female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not
34、 women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting
35、to solve problems.Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is shown in intelligence tests, where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost importance in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the
36、communication styles of their parents.Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.,.,25,雅思议论文论证结构,ArgumentSome people think that Others believe that Discuss and give your opinion
37、.题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。平衡式交代双方观点观点一及其理由观点二及其理由我的观点（倾向性-一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句,.,26,雅思议论文论证结构,Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all of humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these views and giv
38、e your opinion.,.,27,雅思议论文论证结构,Sample Answer：For over fifty years, a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very costly, of course. Has this money been well spent or wasted?Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminate
39、d because of its incredible expense, not only in terms of money, but also in terms of scientific and human resources. These people point out the fact that it cost billions of dollars to send astronauts to the moon, but all they brought back were some worthless rocks. These people say that the money
40、and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth, such as providing housing for homeless people, improving the education system, saving the environment, and finding cures for diseases.,.,28,雅思议论文论证结构,However, other people believe that space res
41、earch has provided many benefits to mankind. They point out that hundreds of useful products, from personal computers to heart pacemakers to freeze-dried foods, are the direct or indirect results of space research. They say that weather and communication satellites, which are also products of space
42、programs, have benefited people all over the globe. In addition to these practical benefits, supporters of the space program point to the scientific knowledge that has been acquired about the sun, the moon, the planets, and even our own earth as a result of space research.,.,29,雅思议论文论证结构,I agree wit
43、h those people who support space research and wish to continue. Space research, as shown, has already brought many benefits to humanity. Perhaps it will bring even more benefits in the future, ones that we can not even imagine now. Moreover, just as individual people need challenges to make their li
44、ves more interesting, I believe the human race itself needs a challenge, and I think that the peaceful exploration of outer space provides just such a challenge.,.,30,练习,Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think thi
45、s is fully justified while others think it is unfair.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion题解：和从事其他重要职业的人士相比，成功的职业运动员能挣多得多的钱。一些人认为这是完全合理的，而其他人认为不公平。讨论这两种观点并提出你的看法。,.,31,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrit
46、ies, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who
47、 have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support th
48、at successful stars can generate. So the notion of “fairness” is not the issue.,.,32,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：Those who feel that sports stars salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person n
49、eeds to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings. Personally, I think that the
50、 amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.,.,33,雅思议论文论证结构,用词多样：“收入高”，题目中用的是earn a great deal of money，文中几处地方分别改写成了
