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1、如何破解阅读障碍,怎样突破生僻词汇,一,无关紧要的词汇“跳过去”,1,怎样突破生僻词汇,在考试中，有百分之十的生词都不会干扰你做题。,跳过去,Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University,某个大学,斜体的单词,某本书、杂志、电影的名称或某个专业术语,影响阅读的词汇“猜出来”,2,怎样突破生僻词汇,为了准确地说明一件事物的性质和特征，作者常常会运用一些概念和一些特定的词汇对该事物进行直接或间接的解释。考生通过解释性的说明来理解概念和特定词汇就成了一项重要的阅读技能。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例】(2014辽宁高考阅读B) This is the reason why
2、 the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birthday！” is short for: “Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”,分析：通过“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”对Happy belated birthday！的解释可知，belated表示“迟来的”。,怎样突破生僻词汇,描述即作者为帮助考生更
3、深入和感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物所做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例证是作者通过举例的方式来说明某一词汇。尤其通过考生比较熟悉的现象和情况对比较难的词汇做出生动的说明，以使考生对该词汇产生正确的认知和理解。因此可以通过描述和例证对生词加以推测。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例1】(2014新课标全国卷阅读B) Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an everlas
4、ting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.,分析：根据下文的描述可知，人们认为旅鸽的数量大
5、便开始大量捕杀它们，最终导致它们灭绝。故undoing意为“灭绝”。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例2】(2014江西高考阅读D) With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.,分析：根据such as后面的例证“mobile phones and iPads”可知，gadgets指通信工具。,怎样突破生僻词汇,同义和反义是两种修辞手法。在阅读理解中，作者经常使用多个同义词或近义词
6、来避免重复，有时候则将两个或多个同义词放在一起以示强调；反义词的作用主要是突出某个词的特征或含义。用同义词猜词，一看and或or连接的同义词词组，二看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。通过反义词猜词，一看表转折关系的连词或副词，二看与not搭配的或表示否定意味的词语。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例1】(2014福建高考阅读A) As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.
7、,分析：根据上下文可知，所猜之词和后面句子中的scared 应为同义词，故intimidated意为“害怕的；恐惧的”。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例2】(2014北京高考阅读D) But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricks-andmortar stores(实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.,分析：e-shops是本文中的生词，从only可知，后文br
8、icksandmortar stores (实体店)可知与本词意义相反，并借助构词法(前缀e意为“电子的，电脑的，网上的”)，可知此处e-shops意为“网店”。,怎样突破生僻词汇,上下文中有可能会有和生词所处的句子相平行的句子，找出其中和生词相对应的处于同一地位的词或句子去推测。,怎样突破生僻词汇,【示例2】(2014陕西高考阅读B) My father visited an OHenry expert at Columbia University in New York, who authenticated the story as OHenrys.My father then set o
9、ut to sell it.,分析：通过和 authenticated所在句子并列的“My father then set out to sell it.”可知，既然找专家鉴定后拿出去卖了，那么就可以证明这本手稿是真正的欧亨利的作品。因此authenticate的意思是“证明(某物)为真”。,怎样突破生僻词汇,英语是一种拼音文字，字母根据一定的规律组合为单词。究其规律，我们发现许多单词都是通过词根和前后缀及单词的组合演变而来的：词根为单词的意义提供了一个最基本的意思，而前后缀则对单词加以修饰或改变。在阅读文章时如果碰到有些很难通过上下文来推断词义的生词时，构词法就该派上用场了。,怎样突破生僻词
10、汇,怎样破译长难句,二,理解长难句的类型,1,怎样破译长难句,从句包括名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)，定语从句以及状语从句。带从句的句子之所以难理解，是因为有时主句、从句难以分清，从而造成句子结构的混乱。,怎样破译长难句,【示例2】(2014福建高考阅读E) Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion (比例) to the benefits they bring, because their
11、 energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power stations they are supposed to replace.,主句,从句,定语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,定语从句,定语从句,译文：那些不同意快速发展风力发电厂的人说它们造成的危害与它们带来的益处不成比例，因为它们的发电量比不上它们理应取代的以碳为原料的发电站。,怎样破译长难句,非谓语动词有三种形式，即动词不定式、动词的ing形式和动词的ed形式。它们不能作句子的谓语，但可以作谓语之外的其他句子成分，而且可以像谓语动词一样有自己的宾语或由其他成分修饰。由于不能作谓语
12、，它们不像句子的谓语动词带有自己的主语，但它们绝大多数都有自己的逻辑主语。,怎样破译长难句,【示例2】(2014湖北高考阅读E) In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of
13、 towering vertical columns.,with复合结构,宾语补足语,译文：事实上，按照威尔克的观点，汽车和电梯被锁进一场“秘密的战争”达一个世纪，汽车让人们水平地运动成为可能，电梯推动他们在一个垂直的塔柱中朝着生活迈进。,形式宾语,真正宾语,怎样破译长难句,在阅读中，很多句子中间会插入其他词、短语或从句，表示一些附加解释、说明，或总结或表示说话者的态度和看法，或仅仅是承上启下，使句子与前面的语句衔接的更紧密一些。这些被称为插入语。多数插入语位于主语和谓语动词之间，有时也位于句首或句末，因而对考生的理解造成一定的干扰，特别是比较长的插入语。,怎样破译长难句,【示例2】(2014
14、重庆高考阅读C) Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.,插入语，用来说明破折号前面的原因,译文：不幸的是，生理上的事实使我们在没有人工帮助的前提下不能这样做我们太沉了，全身的重
15、量向下压着我们相对很小的双脚，导致很大的压力使我们向下沉。,掌握长难句的分析方法提取主干法,2,语法分析可以按照下列步骤来操作：,2022/12/4,怎样破译长难句,【示例】(2014新课标全国卷阅读A) He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while t
16、rying to settle down in a new one.,主句,译文：他向警方报案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤单，想想从一个遥远的国家把那么多文件重新整理一遍会有多大麻烦，而自己还要尽力在一个新的国度里安顿下来。,形容词短语作伴随状语,现在分词短语作伴随状语,状语从句的省略,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,三,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,即主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用节来支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014重庆高考完形)Cultural differences occur wherever you
17、go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and 28.respect them. Here are some 29.tips on how to fit in.Every traveler to a foreign country feels 30.awkward at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of 31.humor.If you can laugh off
18、 eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner.”,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Wearing proper clothes is important too, 32.for locals will judge you by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is 33.forbidden,_especially if you are a woman. So leave
19、your torn jeans at home.Also be cautious about expressing 34.emotions.Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some countries it is 35.unwise to kiss in public.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,总体说明不同国家有着不同的风俗，提议大家入乡随俗。,点明主题,从三个方面分别介绍入乡随俗,行为方式方面,穿衣方面,情感表达方面,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,即主题句出现在文尾。在表述细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议
20、或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014浙江高考完形)I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to see me.I was a new 21.teacher,_and I gave an honest account of the students work.In Simons case, the grades were awfully low.He couldnt read his own handwriting. 22.But he was a bright student.
21、He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his 23.abilities.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,So when Simons mother entered the room, my palms (手掌心) were sweating.I was completely 24.unprepared for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you，” she said, surprising me b
22、eyond speech.25.Because_of me, Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he 26.loved me, he had began to make friends, and for the first time in his twelve years, he had 27.recently spent an afternoon at a friends house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the 28.selfrespect I h
23、ad nurtured (培养) in her son.She kissed me again and left.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,I sat, stunned (惊呆), for about half an hour, 29.wondering what had just happened.How did I make such a lifechanging difference to that boy without 30.even_ knowing it? What I finally came to 31.remember was one day, several months
24、 before, when some students were 32.giving reports in the front of the class, Jeanne spoke 33.quietly,_and to encourage her to raise her voice, I had said, “Speak up.Simons the expert on this.He is the 34.only one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the 35.back of the room.” That was it.Fr
25、om that day on, Simon had sat up straighter, paid more attention, 36.smiled more, and became happy.And it was all because he 37.happened to be the last kid in the last row.The boy who most needed 38.praise was the one who took the last seat that day.It taught me the most 39.valuable lesson over the
26、years of my teaching career, and Im thankful that it came 40.early and positively.A small kindness can indeed make a difference.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,情节一：描述一位学生聪明，但学习很差,情节二：这位学生的母亲来向我致谢，我有点摸不着头脑,情节三：回忆了几个月前发生的一件事情，当时鼓励了一个学生,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,即首尾呼应的写作方法。突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为常见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面
27、的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014广东高考完形)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again, teenagers have 1.similar feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them.According to a recent research, the most common 2.argument between parents and teenagers
28、 is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks.On the one hand, parents go mad over_3.messy rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the 4.housework.On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5.dropping the towel
29、 in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,The research, conducted by St.George University, shows that different parents have different 6.approaches to these problems.However, some approaches are more 7.successful than others.For examp
30、le, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8.later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens 9.behaviour.On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10.consequences of their actions can do better.For example, when teenagers who do
31、nt help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11.reconsider their actions.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Psychologists say that munication is the most important thing in parentchild relationships.Parents should 13.talk to their children but at the same
32、time they should lend an ear to what they have to say.Parents may 14.scold their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.Communication is a twoway process.It is only by listening to and 15.understanding each other that problems between
33、 parents and children can be settled.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面先提出一种社会现象或事例，然后引申出文章的中心或主题，而后又对其作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014广东高考阅读B)It was a cold winter day. A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth (收费站)“Im paying for myself, and for the six cars behind me，” she said with
34、 a smile, handing over seven tickets. One after another, the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed, “Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.” It turned out that the woman, Natalie Smith, had read something on a friends refrigerator: “Practice random kindness and senseless acts
35、of beauty.” The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days, she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful，” she said, explaining
36、 why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters, “like a message from above.” Her husband, Frank, liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students, one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson, a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper, admi
37、tting that though she liked it, she didnt know where it came from or what it really meant. Two days later, Alice got a call from Anne Herbert, a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper, after turning it around in her mind for days.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构
38、,“Heres the idea,” Anne says. “Anything you think there should be more of, do it randomly.” Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools, leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town, and giving money secretly to a proud old lady. Anne says, “Kindness can build on
39、itself as much as violence can.” The acts of random kindness spread. If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid, who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later. Like all great events, kindness begins slowly, with every single act. Let it be yours！,怎样理清文章的篇章结构
40、,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,即主题句隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。在这种情况下，我们的注意力应放在文章的主要内容上。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014福建高考阅读D)Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires not that you cannot
41、 satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes. Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life
42、 is a hut.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Your house of life ought to be a mansion (豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have. Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of b
43、eautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them，they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when youre hungry.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and ref
44、reshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozarts and Bachs shouldnt be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when youve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it an
45、d makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills. Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit. Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Goodbye!,
