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1、,TheSkeletalSystem:Structure,Function,andDiseasesofthebonesandjoints,Is this the correct anatomical position?,The Skeletal System,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Parts of the skeletal systemBones (skeleton)JointsCartilagesLigaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
2、 muscle)Divided into two divisionsAxial skeletonAppendicular skeleton limbs and girdle,Functions of Bones,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Support of the bodyProtection of soft organsMovement due to attached skeletal musclesStorage of minerals and fatsBlood cell
3、 formation,Bones of the Human Body,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,The skeleton has 206 bonesTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact boneHomogeneousSpongy boneSmall needle-like pieces of boneMany open spaces,Figure 5.2b,Microscopic Anatomy of Bone,Copyright 2003
4、Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.3,Bones are classified by their shape: long short flat irregular,Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.1,Classification of Bones,Copyright 2003 Pea
5、rson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Long bonesTypically longer than wideHave a shaft with heads at both endsContain mostly compact boneExamples: Femur, humerus,Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,DiaphysisShaftComposed
6、of compact boneEpiphysis Ends of the boneComposed mostly of spongy bone,Figure 5.2a,Structures of a Long Bone,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,PeriosteumOutside covering of the diaphysisFibrous connective tissue membraneSharpeys fibersSecure periosteum to underl
7、ying boneArteriesSupply bone cells with nutrients,Figure 5.2c,Classification of Bones,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Short bonesGenerally cube-shapeContain mostly spongy boneExamples: Carpals, tarsals,Classification of Bones,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, I
8、nc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Flat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs, sternum,Classification of Bones,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Irregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fi
9、t into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Surface features of bonesSites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligamentsPassages for nerves and blood vesselsCategories of bone markingsProjections an
10、d processes grow out from the bone surfaceDepressions or cavities indentations,Types of Bone Cells,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,OsteocytesMature bone cellsOsteoblastsBone-forming cellsOsteoclastsBone-destroying cellsBreak down bone matrix for remodeling and
11、release of calciumBone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts,Changes in the Human Skeleton,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilageDuring development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bon
12、eCartilage remains in isolated areasBridge of the noseParts of ribsJoints,Bone Growth,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhoodNew cartilage is continuously formedOlder cartilage becomes ossifiedCartilage i
13、s broken downBone replaces cartilage,Bone Fractures,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,A break in a boneTypes of bone fracturesClosed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skinOpen (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skinBone fract
14、ures are treated by reduction and immobilizationRealignment of the bone,Common Types of Fractures,Slide 5.17,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Table 5.2,Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture,Slide 5.19,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benja
15、min Cummings,Figure 5.5,Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton:skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and musclesassociated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton in
16、cludes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeletonAppendicular skeleton:pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.,22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bon
17、e26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle206 bones in all,The Axial Skeleton,Slide 5.20a,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Forms the longitudinal part of the bodyDivided into three partsSkul
18、lVertebral columnBony thorax,The Axial Skeleton,Slide 5.20b,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.6,The skull8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandibleCraniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses,Bones of the Skull,Copyright 2
19、003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.11,Allows forgrowth,Human Skull, Superior View,Slide 5.23,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.8,Human Skull, Inferior View,Slide 5.24,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
20、Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.9,Paranasal Sinuses,Slide 5.25a,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity,Figure 5.10,The Hyoid Bone,Slide 5.26,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,The onl
21、y bone that does not articulate with another boneServes as a moveable base for the tongue,Figure 5.12,The Vertebral Column,Slide 5.28,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discsThe spine has a normal curvatureEach vertebrae is gi
22、ven a name according to its location,Figure 5.14,Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae12 thoracic5 lumbar1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)Vertebrae vary in size and morphology,Structure of a Typical Vertebrae,Slide 5.29,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure
23、5.16,Thoracic cageribsthoracic vertebraesternumcostal cartilagesTrue ribs are directly attached to the sternum(first seven pairs)Three false ribs are joined to the 7th ribTwo pairs of floating ribs,Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint,Slide 5.50,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publis
24、hing as Benjamin Cummings,Bursae flattened fibrous sacsLined with synovial membranesFilled with synovial fluidNot actually part of the jointTendon sheathElongated bursa that wraps around a tendon,The Synovial Joint,Slide 5.51,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Fig
25、ure 5.28,Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape,Slide 5.52a,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.29ac,Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape,Slide 5.52b,Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings,Figure 5.29df,Diseases and Cond
26、itions of the Skeletal System,Arthritis,Bursitis,Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, t
27、enderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.,Tendonitis,Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and
28、 movement will become painful. This is called tendonitis, and literally means inflammation of the tendon.The most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.,Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate t
29、he median nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome.,Osteoporosis,Osteoporosis is a term that means porous bones. It is a skeletal disease affecting women and men. Osteopo
30、rosis is a condition in which bones have lost minerals especially calciummaking them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.,Scoli
31、osis,Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view from behind may reveal one or more abnormal curves.Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors often dont know the cause. More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a condit
32、ion that began in childhood, but wasnt diagnosed or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result from a degenerative joint condition in the spine.,Kyphosis,With kyphosis, your spine may look normal or you may develop a hump. Kyphosis can occur as a result of developmental problems; degenerative dis
33、eases, such as arthritis of the spine; osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It can affect children, adolescents and adults.,Lordosis,A normal spine, when viewed from behind appears straight. However, a spine affected by lordosis shows evidence of a curvat
34、ure of the back bones (vertebrae) in the lower back area, giving the child a swayback appearance.,Tuberculosis of the Spine- Potts Disease,As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the spine, Potts disease has an effect that is sometimes described as being a sort of arthritis for the ver
35、tebrae that make up the spinal column. More properly known as tuberculosis spondylitis, Potts disease is named after Dr. Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century surgeon who was considered an authority in issues related to the back and spine.Potts disease is often experienced as a local phenomenon that
36、 begins in the thoracic section of the spinal column. Early signs of the presence of Potts disease generally begin with back pain that may seem to be due to simple muscle strain. However, in short order, the symptoms will begin to multiply.,Rickets,Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in
37、children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need corrective surgery.,Scurvy,The human body lacks the ability to synthesize and make vitamin C and therefore depends on exogenous dietary sources to meet vitamin C needs. Con
38、sumption of fruits and vegetables or diets fortified with vitamin C are essential to avoid ascorbic acid deficiency. Even though scurvy is uncommon, it still occurs and can affect adults and children who have chronic dietary vitamin C deficiency.,Gout,Gout is a disease that results from an overload
39、of uric acid in the body. This overload of uric acid leads to the formation of tiny crystals of urate that deposit in tissues of the body, especially the joints. When crystals form in the joints it causes recurring attacks of joint inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can also lead to deposits of
40、hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints and may cause joint destruction, decreased kidney function, and kidney stones.,Acromegaly,Acromegaly is a serious condition that occurs when the body produces too much of the hormones that control growth. The hormone most often affected is called grow
41、th hormone, or GH. Itis produced by the pituitary gland, a tiny organ at the base of the brain.Growth hormonepromotes growth of bone, cartilage, muscle, organs, and other tissues.When there is too much growth hormone in the body, these tissues grow larger than normal. This excessive growth can cause
42、 serious disease and even premature death.,Poliomyelitis,Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. It can strike at any age, but affects mainly children under three (over 50% of all cases
43、). The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Amongst those paralysed, 5%-10% die when
44、their breathing muscles become immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of paralysis are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no signs of illn
45、ess, they are never aware they have been infected. After initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can spread rapidly through the community.,Spina Bifida,Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomp
46、lete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. The term spina bifida comes from Latin and literally means split or open spine.Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of theembryos spine fail to join together, leaving an open area. In some cases, the s
47、pinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back. The condition usually isdetected before a baby is born and treated right away.,Talipes Equinovarus- “Clubfoot”,Clubfoot is a deformity of the whole foot that is present at birth. There are several types of clubfoot that are joi
48、ntly known as talipes, as the deformity is mostly in the talus (a bone in the ankle). The most common of the talipes is what is known as talipes equino varus - it is so common that the word clubfoot is commonly used to refer to this. In talipes equino varus, the child is born with the foot pointing
49、down and twisted inwards at the ankle.,Sarcoma,Osteosarcoma-The most common type of bone cancer. It arises in bone and is most commonly found in children and adolescents but a rare form occurs in adults, particularly in patients who have been cured of other cancers with radiation therapy.,Myeloma,Mu
50、ltiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow and form tumors. Sometimes these abnormal cells (called myeloma cells) collect in only one bone and form a single tumor known as a plasmacytoma. However, in most cases, the myeloma cells collect in many bones, forming seve
