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1、Chapter 1,绪 论,Chapter 1 General Introduction,What is translation?,翻译是把一种语言表达的思想内容用另一种语言表达出来语言活动。,翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。,翻译是跨语言 (cross-linguistic)、跨文化 (cross-culture)、跨社会 (cross-social) 的交际活动。,翻译是科学 (science)：反映了存在与认识、主体与客体的关系，有科学规律可循。,Chapter 1 General Introduction,The history of trans
2、lation,第一次高潮 公元前3世纪中叶: 著名译作希腊文旧约圣经 (Spetuagint); 荷马史诗奥德赛(Odyssey) 和大批希腊戏剧作品译为拉丁语。,西方,第二次高潮 公元前4世纪至6世纪之间: 圣经; 其中杰洛姆 的圣经通用本(the Vulgate) 最具权威性。,第三次高潮 11至12世纪之间: 大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语，希腊语译成古叙利亚语。,Chapter 1 General Introduction,The history of translation,第四次 14至16世纪的文艺复兴运动: 1611年英王詹姆斯一世钦定的圣经钦定本(King James Vers
3、ion) 译本; 法国文学家阿米欧译的希腊、罗马名人比较列传，英国的查普曼译的伊利亚特和奥德赛都是译著中的精品。,西方,第五次 第二次世界大战以来的翻译活动: 翻译的规模和研究的深度前所未有;计算机的运用大大提高了翻译的效率。,Chapter 1 General Introduction,The history of translation in China,第一次翻译高潮：东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译第二次翻译高潮：明末清初的科技翻译第三次翻译高潮：鸦片战争后至五四运动前的西 方政治思想和文学翻译活动,五四运动前,Chapter 1 General Introduction,The history
4、of translation in China,五四运动至中华人民共和国成立,传播马列主义思想和世界文学，白话文替代文言文，通俗易懂的大众文化语言使东西方各国优秀文学作品拥有更多的读者。鲁迅、瞿秋白、郑振铎、矛盾、成方吾、林语堂、朱生豪、艾思奇等学者辛勤耕耘，不仅翻译了大量的世界名著，而且对翻译进行了认真的思索和探讨，研究的范围扩大到语言学、哲学、美学和心理学等领域，为我国翻译理论的系统化和科学化奠定了良好的基础。,The norms for translation,中国传统翻译思想：案本求信神似化境,严复的“信、达、雅”,鲁迅的“硬译”,付雷的“神似”论,钱钟书的“化境”之说,尤金.奈达博士
5、（Eugene Nida） ：,翻译远远不仅是一门科学，也是一门技术，而且真正理想的翻译说到底是一门艺术,用译入语最自然贴切的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是意义，其次是风格,就真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要，因为词语只有在起作用的文化背景中才有意义。,翻译的标准: “忠实、通顺”忠实就是正确理解和表达原文的思想；通顺就是译文文字流畅，翻译的基本要原则：信守原文的内容，遵从 译语的语言习惯，切合原文的语体语域。翻译的最高要求是达意、传神和表形。,The process for translation,阅读理解：译者先阅读原文，获得总体印象。,翻译转换：以双语者的身份逐句研
6、究，逐句翻译，先进行直译，在直译不能的情况下再从整体意思着眼，进行意译。,修改润色：再一次认真斟酌并修改译文。,Chapter 2 Norms, Process and Requirements,The requirements for translators,扎实的语言功底广博的百科知识敏锐的感受能力严谨的翻译作风。,The requirement of this course,八级考试大纲对考生的要求是：能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英、美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文章以及文学原著的节录。（朱嫣华，1994）翻译课不是培养纯文学的翻译家，而是培养复合型的人才。最新修订
7、的高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对英语专业三年级的要求是：初步了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同，并掌握常用的翻译技巧，能将中等难度的篇章或段落译成汉语。译文忠实于原文，语言通顺。 翻译课是实践课，必须多练。教师是帮助学生学习，不是帮学生学习。必须完成布置的课内、课外作业，每次练习都要记载下来,平时成绩占60%，期末占40%。翻译工具：字典。,英译汉的技巧,加注和释义,由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可分为音
8、译加注和直译加注两种。,音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。例如： cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法） sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴） hacker 黑客（在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷） El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动） Bunsen 本生灯（一种煤气灯） AIDS 爱滋病（一种性免疫缺损综合症）,(1
9、） Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。 *哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。 （2） Big Ben is ringing the hour.大本钟*在当当报时。 *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。 （3） Pizza is my sons favorite American food. 比萨饼是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。,（4） New York was
10、never Mecca to me.纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。 （5） Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。 *巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。(6) Say you shoot a video that you think is particularly artsy. Beam it out and make a small fortune by charging an untold number of viewers a fee fo
11、r watching. Peter Jennings would be obsolete. 你拍了一部自认为特别有艺术价值的电视片，那就将此片对外播放，并通过向无数的观众收费挣点钱。这样人们就不再需要著名的新闻播音员彼特杰宁斯了。.,直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。例如： Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称） mad-cow disease 疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病） Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室） Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）,1）It
12、 was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。 *星期五Friday为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。 （2）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。 *在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵
13、、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。,释义（paraphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达。,例如： as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉（在古英格兰,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,因此往往会喝得大醉.后人用此成语时,常常重意不重形与典,因此,不必直译为 “像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉”,采用释义法即可.） as ric
14、h as Croesus 十分富有(Croesus 是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王,十分富有.如直译为 像科里瑟斯一样富有,倒让读者十分费解,因为读者不知 科里瑟斯为何许人, 并且后人用此词时,常常意重于典,所以不如释义为 十分富有, 简单明白.),1） Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, *, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百姓。（Tom, *,
15、Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉语中的张三、李四、王五。所以，这里不宜直译为汤姆、迪克、哈里。） （2） A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之风不可长！（这是美国Time时代周刊1983年一篇文章的标题。red light本意是红灯，指停车信号、危险信号。文中指出美国社会中蔑视法令的现象已到了触目惊心的地步，必须采取措施加以制止。译成玩忽法令之风不可长一目了然，言简意明。）,（3） As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two components, one cultu
16、ral, the other political. 象黑人权力一样，正在蓬勃兴起的印地安人权力运动包括文化运动和政治运动两个部分。（这里Red Power显然是从Black Power黑权主义，黑权运动类比出来的。如果译者不释明其义，而直译为红色权力，读者定会把它理解为红色政权或共产党权力。） （4） Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。（break out of the pot that holds us in，重意不重形，译为出人头地比打破这
17、个把我们关在里面的罐子意思来得明白简洁。）,英译汉的层次,句子,一、 英汉句子对比,英语句子按其结构可分为简单句和复杂句。 汉语句子在结构和功能划分上同英语一样，也可以分为单句和复句及陈述、疑问等句。英汉两种语言在句序上也有一定的差异。 不同的英汉句子均具有自己不同的语体色彩。 Feeling tired, John went to bed early.(formal) John went to bed early because he felt tired.(common core) John felt tired, so he went to bed early.(informal),二、
18、英语句子翻译,（一） 简单句的翻译 This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. But this naval competition strained the Liberal Governments principles as well as their budgets.,（二） 复合句的翻译 It worried her much that her daughter should stay up so late.It s
19、eems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. There are many people who want to see the film.,（三） 长句翻译 长句的翻译首先要判断出句子的结构（如是简单句，并列句，还是复合句），再找出句中的主要句子成分，即主语和谓语动词，然后再分清句中的宾语、状语、表语、宾语补足语、定语等，最后还要弄清原文的表达模式特点。 From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons p
20、lant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all. 如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境，他们会对人类赖以生存的这个星球做出些什么事来呢？全世界到处都有这样的例子：从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围幅射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人为沙漠。,介词的翻译,介词的翻
21、译,介词又称前置词，是英语中一类非常活跃的词，使用频率高，搭配能力强。,at the momentfor the moment in the momentof the momenton/upon the momentto the moment,眼下，马上,临时，暂时,一旦，在的情况下,目前最重要的,当场，立刻,准时，分秒不差,介词的翻译,1） Whats in your mind?2） Whats on your mind?3） He shouted to me.4） He shouted at me.,。,介词的翻译,介词常用以表示原因，如：,His eyes was red with cr
22、ying.,His teeth were chartering with cold.,For a while he just couldnt speak for laughing.,介词的翻译,介词介词也可以表示否定的意思，如：,He is above bowing and scraping.,His accusation against us is beneath refutation.,The bridge is clearly beyond repairing.,介词的翻译,有时候要从反面着眼才能把介词的含义译出来,After you.,The boat sank off the coa
23、st.,There is an element of anger behind their eyes.,The hatred was deep in the hearts of the people, beneath the surface.,介词的翻译,翻译还要注意选用适当的句型充分表达出原句的意思，因此光把含有动作意思的介词短语转换成动词（或动词短语）还不够，有时需要加词把意思说清楚，有时需要调整词序，有时则需重新组织整个句子结构。,They surely looked peculiar to the villagers.,With many such qualities, she rem
24、ained modest and prudent.,The machine is working none the worse for its long service.,That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.,介词的翻译,英语中还常常出现介词短语构成的排比结构，有时同一个介词应译成不同的动词。,The Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.,Calisle Str
25、eet runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-stored homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.,好书使人开卷有所求，闭卷有所获。,介词的翻译,Many more visitors than it can comfortably be poured in, off the regular steamers, off chart
26、ed motorboats, and off yachts.,At 3:30, the gangplank was drawn up, and I was cut off from the continent and from my boyhood and from my dearest Emily, and from changing my mind.,英译汉的难点,专有名词的翻译,人名和地名的翻译是翻译中十分重要的一个方面，译得不好会严重影响原文信息的清晰度，干扰读者对原文的理解，甚至造成误解。,Thames,泰晤士河,The Times,泰晤士报,New York Times,纽约时报,
27、人名地名翻译:,1. 名从主人,PekingBeijing, XianghaiShanghai,Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai,Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek,Shanxi，Shaanxi，Urumqi，Huhhot，Harbin ，Tibet，Lhasa,Tung Chee Haw，Ying Tung Fok(Henry Fok), Bruce Lee， Jacky Chan，Chow Yun-fat,2. 约定俗成 ：,Catherine,大多数专名没有词义，采取音译，但有些地名习惯是意译的，如：Yellow Stone， Little Rock，r
28、ocky Mountains， Midway Island， Ivory Coast ，West Point，Midland，Middletown，New Haven， New Hampton,有些外国人名和地名与商标名相同，但译法却不同。如：CologneMcDonald,翻译专名时使用的参考书：世界人名翻译大词典，世界人名译名手册，世界地名译名手册，世界地名录，近代来华外国人名词典，日本人名词典，中国大百科全书。,英语修辞格译法,一、什么是修辞格 修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞
29、格。,（一）音韵修辞格顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。 Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.,（二）词义修辞格词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。 They are like streetcars runnin
30、g contentedly on their rails. Experience is the mother of wisdom. as thick as thieves Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. B. metonymy; transferred epithet The baby was brought up on the bottle. Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest. The doctors face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.,C. p
31、ersonification; hyperbole Words pay no debts. His words made my blood freeze.,D. irony; euphemism；pun She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. sanitation engineer-garbage manthe disadvantaged-the poorWhat do
32、es that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still.,E. oxymoron; zeugma ; contrast sweet sorrow proud humility She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. United we stand, divided we fall.,三）句法修辞格,句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostro
33、phe 等。 (1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night. (2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? ) (3)Man proposes, God disposes.(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.,二、 修辞格的译法,翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在
34、大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。,A. 直译 (1)They were only crying crocodile tears at the old mans funeral because nobody had really liked him. (2) The book set off a firestorm of reaction. (3) Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. (4) I would
35、my horse had the speed of your tongue. (5)I deserve neither such praise nor such censure. (6)On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to,B. 加注 (1) Christ, to hear some of those sailors myths, youd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that s
36、ailed. （注:诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。） (2) They did not reopen the Pandoras Box they had peeked into in 1972. （注：潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事，里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。）,C. 释义 (1)They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words. (3)You want your pound of flesh, dont you? (4)I spoke to them in hes
37、itant English. (5)He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.,D. 归化 (1) He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him “magpie”. (2) “Dont be scared, chickens!” came her voice with teasing gaiety. (3)It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter. (4) And I sup
38、pose shell tell all the boys, the old cat.,E. 切分 (1)She lost her heart and necklace at a ball. (2) He was restlessly tired, even as he lay in bed. (3)Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.,英译汉的层次,词语,现在世界上已查明的语言有五千六百多种，其中被承认是独立语言的四千二百多种。为了认识和研究语言，语言学家通常采用三种方法进行分类，即形态分类 、结构分类
39、和谱系分类 。形态分类 : 孤立语 (isolating language)、曲折语 (inflected language)、粘着语 (agglutinative language)、多式综合语 (polysynthetic language)。结构分类 : 综合语 (synthetic language)、分析语 (analytic)。谱系分类 : 汉藏语系 (Sino-Tibetan family)、印欧语系 (Indo-European)、阿尔泰语系 (Altaic)、闪含语系 (Se-mito Hamitic) 、芬兰乌戈尔语系 (Finno-Ugric)、德纳维达语系 (Dravi
40、dian)、伊比利亚高加索语系 (Ibero-Caucasian)、马来波利尼西亚语系 (Malayo-Polynesian)、南亚语系 (Austro-Asian)、班图语系 (Bantu) 等。,汉语属表意文字，英语属拼音文字。汉语的音素分为元音和辅音两大类。英语的音素也分元音和辅音两大类。汉语是世界上历史最悠久的语言之一。英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言，其词汇量之丰居世界首位。,（一）从语法角度来看,英语和汉语有着大致相同的词类，实词中都有名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词，虚词中都有介词和连词。两种语言中也都有象声词，所不同的是英语中有冠词，而汉语中有量词和语气词。 He is a t
41、eacher of English.（二）从词义角度来看 词义如从社会符号学的角度来看，可分为指称意义、言内意义和语用意义；如从传统的词汇学角度来讲，词义包括概念意义和内涵意义。 uncle hippie,选词用字,要选好词用准字，首先要准确地确定原文词语所表达的意义，然后在译文中再选择恰当的词语。 The rain had cleaned the air . He preferred the products of old brand to the new flashy. I used to be a politician. But since I came back from Peking
42、, I have been a statesman. red flower .yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter curves over his bones; who is good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his l
43、oss;.,长句的翻译 Long Sentences in E-C Translation,长句的翻译,Small Class Size Boosts Test Scores LaterSmaller class sizes in early grades translated into students scoring higher on math tests in later grades in Tennessees experiment to see if smaller classes improved education，a study said on Fridayon Tennes
44、sees 20-year experiment，which randomly placed public school students in smaller classes（1317 students）or larger classes（2226 students）in the four years from kindergarten through third grade，the study compared subsequent test scores when the students reached ninth gradeThe study，published in the curr
45、ent issue of the Journal of Experimental Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade math test scores among students who had spent early grades in smaller classes，with the gains even more pronounced among minority students“Our analysis suggest that xlass size effects persist for at least s
46、ix years and remain large enough to be important for educational policy,” said Barbara Nye of Tennessee State University, which performed the study jointly with the University of Chicago.Chicago sociologist Larry Hedges theorized that smaller class szies provided more opportunities for individualize
47、d instruction and cut down on disruptions.“For example，with small classes，teachers can identify and remedy incipient problems among students at risk for low achievement，”Hedges saidThe small class size experiment was begun inTennessee in the early 1980s to determine if class size would affect learni
48、ng，and eventually included 79 elementary schools,长句的翻译,Smaller class sizes in early grades translated into students scoring higher on math tests in later grades in Tennessees experiment to see if smaller classes improved education，a study said on Friday,长句的翻译,Based on Tennessees 20-year experiment，w
49、hich randomly placed public school students in smaller classes（1317 students）or larger classes（2226 students）in the four years from kindergarten through third grade，the study compared subsequent test scores when the students reached ninth grade（42 words）,长句的翻译,The study，published in the current issu
50、e of the Journal of Experimental Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade math test scores among students who had spent early grades in smaller classes，with the gains even more pronounced among minority students（40 words）,长句的翻译,“Our analysis suggest that xlass size effects persist for a
