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1、QUIZ,StreetAvenue,Street,Avenue,Hospital of UA,Hospital of UA,Hospital of UA,Hospital of UA,Summarize of TAVI,Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)It was introduced as an alternative treatment in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis(AS),Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A, Circulation 2
2、002;106:30063008.,First Case of TAVI,In 2002, Cribier et al demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of a percutaneous valve implantation in a patient with ASProviding a promising less invasive alternative treatment for valvular heart disease,Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A, Circulation 200
3、2;106:30063008.,two different TAVI devices are widely used the balloon-expandable Edwards SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valvethe self-expanding Medtronic CoreValveBoth received CE Mark approval for European commercial sale in 2007Edwards SAPIEN valve received FDA pre-market approval in the USA in Novem
4、ber 2011,Two different TAVI devices,Edwards balloonexpandable delivery systems,CoreValve ReValving System ( a ) schemata and ( b ) following deployment with aortography,Patients Selection,Feasible in most patients with severe aortic stenosisGenerally utilized in patients not suitable for surgical AV
5、R, who are likely to derive functional and survival benefitTwo risk scores are used to calculate the risk of cardiac surgery,“High-risk” surgical patients Having a Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (STS-PROM) at 30 days of greater than 10%Logistic EuroSCORE of greater than 20
6、% LimitedDo not account for several pertinent clinical risk factors, such as previous CABG, porcelain aorta, previous chest radiotherapy, severe lung disease, and liver cirrhosis,Two risk scores,Two risk scores,Assessments of TAVI,To assess the aortic annulus dimensions and geometry, access site, an
7、d approach Transthoracic echocardiographyCoronary angiographyAortic angiographyMDCT,Assessment of arterial access,The evaluation is fundamental in the assessment of the TAVI patient in minimizing potential major vascular complicationsArterial dimensions The presence or absence of atheroma, Calcifica
8、tionTortuosity,Assessment of arterial access,Arterial access is assessed with the combination of invasive angiography and contrast-enhanced CT,Iliofemoral assessment with ( a ) angiography and ( b ) MDCT,Assessment of aortic root,Using invasive angiography and contrast MDCT evaluate root and valvula
9、r calcificationleft main height from the left coronary cusp insertion (due to risk of coronary obstruction)technical issues related to each valve type and delivery system,European Heart Journal (2014) 35, 26272638,Assessment of aortic root,( 1 ) aortic annulus diameter, ( 2 ) sinus of Valsalva width
10、( 3 ) ascending aorta width, ( 4 ) sinus of Valsalva height,Assessment of aortic root,Assessments,Left and right heart catheterizations are also performed assess the presence of pulmonary hypertension coronary ischemia and the need for revascularization prior to TAVI,Requirements of TAVI,TAVI should
11、 be performed in regional centers of excellence with a dedicated heart valve program and high procedural volumes The procedure may be undertaken in a cardiac catheterization laboratory with modifications or in a hybrid operating room equipped with high-quality fluoroscopic imaging,Requirements of TA
12、VI,The facilities need to be large enough to accommodate sophisticated X-ray imaging integrated with echocardiography, cardiopulmonary bypass and intra-aortic balloon pump machines, and anesthesia equipment, with surgical sterility standards mandatory,Techniques of TAVI,TAVI is most often performed
13、utilizing the transfemoral retrograde approachAlternative access approaches usually reserved for patients with concomitant severe peripheral arterial disease,Transfemoral Approach,The common femoral artery, at the level of the femoral head,is the primary access site for the transfemoral approach owi
14、ng to its relatively large size and compressibilityThe side with the largest and least diseased, tortuous, or calcified iliofemoral arteryas assessed by a screening angiogramand/or multidetector computed tomographic (CT) angiographyis selected for placement of the sheath,Transfemoral Approach,The po
15、tential site of access is assessed fi rst with fluoroscopy and/or ultrasound, and arterial access is gained by percutaneous punctureAlternatively, a surgical cutdown is utilized to access the femoral arteryA smaller percutaneous sheath is inserted into the femoral artery on the contralateral side fo
16、r placement of a pigtail catheter in the ascending aorta for root angiography,Transfemoral Approach,The TAVI procedure may be performed under local or general anesthesiaFollowing balloon valvuloplasty, the valve prosthesis is passed across the aortic valve and positioned under fluoroscopic and trans
17、esophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance,Transfemoral Approach,Balloon-expandable valves are deployed under rapid ventricular pacing at a rate of 160220 bpm to minimize cardiac output and therefore minimize unintentional motion of the valve during balloon dilatation,Transapical Approach,The trans
18、apical approach was first described in 2006 with balloon-expandable valves A sheath is placed surgically in the left ventricular apex, accessed through a small left anterolateral minithoracotomy,Transapical Approach,Following balloon valvuloplasty, the valve prosthesis and balloon catheter are passe
19、d over a wire into the left ventricle and positioned within the aortic annulus under fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic guidance,Transapical Approach,This approach may be considered if the iliofemoral arterial system is of sufficiently small diameter, calcified, or tortuous and not t
20、echnically suitable for delivery of the deviceAlso taken into consideration is the angulation of the aorta and arch,Transapical Approach,In particular, a transverse or extremely unfolded ascending aorta may increase the diffi culty of delivery and positioning of the balloon-expandable devicesIt has
21、been suggested that with advances in device technology and a reduction in delivery system profiles for the transarterial approach, alternative access approaches will be limited to less than 30 % of TAVR procedures,Transapical Approach,Contraindications to the transapical approach previous left ventr
22、icular surgery using a patchcalcified pericardiumsevere respiratory disease,Transapical Approach,Others,Axillary/Subclavian ApproachTransaortic Approach,Complications of TAVI,Procedural ComplicationsVascular ComplicationsStroke and Neurological EventsCoronary OcclusionValve Malposition and EmbolizationRenal ImpairmentConduction Disturbance,Complications of TAVI,Prosthesis-Related ComplicationsProsthesisPatient MismatchParavalvular and Valvular RegurgitationProsthetic Valve Thrombosis and Endocarditis,Question,THANKS,
