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1、翻译理论与实践,英译汉,主讲人： 黄丽娟,Unit 3 A Comparison of Chinese & English,1. Semantic difference 2. Lexical difference 3. Syntactical difference 4. Different ways of thinking,Introduction,You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages. Fredrich Engels 一个人如果把英文“看透”了，又时时留心与中文比较，就会摸清
2、双方虚实，一旦面对翻译，就容易知道问题何在，并且有法解决。 余光中 要想提高学生的翻译能力，最重要的是引导学生通过对比来研究两种语言的特点。我们的学生，母语就掌握得不好，外语更差，他们的汉语和英语都是分开学的，从来没有作过比较，以为汉语可以这么说，英语也可以这样说，而往往意识不到英语不一定能像汉语那样说，而有其特有的说法。要解决这个问题，最好的办法就是引导学生进行两种语言的对比。 庄绎传,some of the fundamental differences between the two languages:1. at typological level 种类学Most other diff
3、erences between English and Chinese (e.g. phonetic difference, lexical difference, syntactic difference, textual difference) can eventually be traced back to the typological difference of the two languages. English and Chinese belong to two different language families: English belongs to the Indo-Eu
4、ropean language family while Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Modern English is both analytical and synthetical, while Chinese is typically synthetical.,世界上的语言大致可以分成两类：综合型语言（synthetic language）和分析型语言(analytic language)。所谓综合型语言是指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义，包括格、数、时等，如拉丁语、俄语、德语和古英语。现代英语是从古英
5、语发展而来的，仍然保留着综合型语言的某些特征，但已逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡。所谓分析型语言是指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示，汉语就是以分析型为主的语言。,synthetic language V.S. analytic language,2. at orthographic level 文字系统英汉语言的差异首先表现在文字系统上。文字系统是语言的视觉符号系统（system of visual signs of language），文字系统充分地体现了语言的异质性。汉语属表意文字系统（ideographic），英语属拼音文字系统(alphab
6、etic)，汉语与英语属于截然不同的两个文字系统。,1. Disparity between “Corresponding Words” 英汉词语意义的对应1）完全对应：科技术语和少数专有名词，普通名词。随着不同文化之间的交流和渗透，不同语言之间互相借鉴和汲取的趋势也越来越明显。CIA （美国）中央情报局 zoology 动物学jet-fighter 喷气式战斗机 helicopter 直升飞机spaghetti 意大利通心粉 spinach 菠菜home visit 家访,1. Semantic difference 语义差异,2）部分对应：意义范围有广狭之分，抽象与具体之分，个别与一般之分
7、。rose = 玫瑰？audience（广义）： 听众，观众 （狭义）marry（广义）： 嫁，娶（狭义）uncle（广义）： 叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父（狭义）胡子（广义）： beard, moustache, whiskers（狭义）glass： 玻璃（抽象）；玻璃杯（具体）film： 胶卷（一般）；影片（个别）,1. Semantic difference,牛：Ox , cow , buffalo , yak , bison _ 羊：goat , sheep , ram , ewe , lamb _ 皮：skin , bark , fur , cover _3) 完全或大部分不对应：h
8、ippie 嬉皮士 congressperson 美国国会hitchhiker 沿途免费搭乘他人便车的人 失足青年 a. feetless youth b. ex-juvenile delinquents步行街 a. walking street b. pedestrian mall,1. Semantic difference,2. Compound words 合成词 A “hot dog” is not a dog, though often eaten hot.A “sea horse” lives in the sea but is not a horse.A “sea cucumb
9、er” is not a cucumber, not even a plant.An “eggplant” is a plant in which you can never find any egg.A “pineapple” is something far different from “pine” plus “apple”.ladybird _ a family tree _,1. Semantic difference,英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字；英语有屈折变化，汉语没有屈折变化；英语词义比较灵活，汉语词义相对稳定严谨。英语动词形态变化复杂，词义灵活，表现出较大的随意性。英语中词
10、汇有明确的词性和词形变化，词汇的词性决定了词汇在句子表达中的位置和作用；汉语中一个字往往需要和其他字搭配，构成词组，而词组也常常无法确定其在句子中的位置和功能。,2. Lexical difference,1.tenses, voices and moods 时态、语态和语气动词在英汉两种语言中都起着举足轻重的作用，但英语动词远比汉语动词复杂多变。首先，汉语不像英语那样具有屈折形态变化，而是靠形态助词粘附（affixation）和词的重叠、组合（repetition and combination）表示形态变化。英译汉时，就需要将英语以屈折形态变化表示的意义转换成汉语的词汇意义，即采用增词法。
11、例如时态可通过增加“着、了、过、正在” 等词表示；被动语态可通过增加“被、遭、为、由”等词表示；语气可通过增加“了、的、吗”等表示。a. The criminal was hanged.b. Clark used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now.c. Hadnt the dam been built, there would have been a terrible flood.,2. Lexical difference 词法差异,2. articles and quantity words 冠词与量词英汉词类大致相同，但英语没有
12、量词，如“个、根、本、只、套”。英语有冠词（a, an, the），而汉语却没有。不定冠词可用“一”表示，在可数名词前面，译文要加上量词。a pair of pants 一 裤子 a full glass of orange juice 一满 橙汁a holiday-maker 一 度假者 a black horse 一 黑马在许多情况下，冠词略而不译。A friend in need is a friend indeed. The Blacks live downstairs.,2. Lexical difference,3. pronoun 代词英文代词的使用频率远远高于汉语，因而在英译汉
13、中常常略而不译。He covered his eyes with his hands. a. 他用他的手捂住他的眼睛。b. 他用手捂住眼睛。One should help those who are in need.a . 一个人应该帮助那些有困难的人。b. 应该帮助那些有困难的人。One should never pretend to know what one does not. 练习：,2. Lexical difference,Exercises:What is wrong with the following translation?And I say it is as great
14、to be a woman as to be a man.And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of man.【译文】我说，作女人和作男人一样伟大。 我说，最伟大的莫如男人的母亲。2. Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the word “work”.My father works in a factory. 1）He works a duck farm. 2）I am working on a new book on translatio
15、n. 3）Do you know how to work an abacus? 4）He is learning to work the new machine. 5）The new car works by solar energy. 6）The plan worked well.7）That proves man can work wonder.8） He worked his way through college.,The most important difference between the two languages lies in _ and _.,3. Syntactica
16、l difference 句法差异,parataxis,hypotaxis,“Hypotaxis” means “subordination”, in which connectives are often required. But in a broader sense the 形（form） in 形合 also includes lexical morphological changes such as plural forms of nouns, different forms of verbs to form different tenses, voices, and moods,
17、which are all forms to join words into sentences. So they are also means of hypotaxis. “Parataxis” actually means “of parallel structure”. The words in a phrase and the clauses in a sentence seem to be parallel on the face because connectives are often omitted or not required.,3. Syntactical differe
18、nce,People have used different similes to compare the English sentence and the Chinese sentence in respect of their difference in structure. Some people say the English sentence is like “a tree trunk with branches” or “a string of grapes” while the Chinese sentence is like “a bamboo stick with many
19、sections joined by knots”. Such similes are vivid and quite explanatory.,3. Syntactical difference,e. g.1. 今天晚上，很好的月光。（狂人日记） The moon is extremely bright tonight.2.午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个亭子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。亭上还悬着一副对联，写的是：“历下此古亭，济南名士多。”（老残游记）After lunch he walked to the Sparrow Flo
20、wer Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along toward the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion. Then he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw another pavilion, the paint of which was practically all worn off, and on its front columns were two scrolls with t
21、he following words: “The pavilion is ancient as history; Jinan is full of scholars.”,3. Syntactical difference,Exercise:我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语言程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。,3. Syntactical difference,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly we
22、ll in their studies, but are rather week in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.,More examples,1. When Chou En-lais door opened, they say a slender man of more than average height with gleaming
23、 eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.2. “This is the best place on earth,” said Ahmed, an Egyptian fellah, or farmer, I encountered in the Niles Delta, that incredibly fertile 8,500-mile triangle between Cairo and the Mediterranean coast.,1. View of time and space 时间与空间观念In
24、 English people may say, “Sorry, but we are talking ahead of the story.” In Chinese we would say, “对不起，我们讲到故事的_去了。” 前事不忘，后事之师前所未见The bridge is high above the rolling water of the river. a.桥下很深的地方是湍急汹涌的河流。 b. 桥在湍急汹涌的河流高高的上方。The artist brought the lively atmosphere into his painting. a. 画家把活跃的气氛也画出来了。
25、 b. 画家把活跃的气氛也画进去了。,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,2. Specific and general 具体思维与抽象思维e.g. “Ones own past may become a gradually increasing weight.” a. 一个人过去的经历可能会成为越来越增加的重量。b. 一个人过去的经历可能会成为越来越沉重的包袱。2）wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 做好准备对付最坏的情况， 等到最坏
26、的情况来临时候才着急。3）We must stop his madness. 我们必须阻止他的 。4）I simply cant stand his fault-finding. 我简直无法忍受他 。5）He should resign the presidency. 他应该辞去 。6）The old letters brought many recollections to mind. 这些当年的信件使我想起了许多 。,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,3. Personal subject and impersonal subject 人称主语和无人称
27、主语Behind the way of expressing of a language is the logic of thinking, or rather the deep rooted philosophy of the culture of the community that speak the language.Traditionally European philosophy distinguishes the subjective from the objective, or the perceiver from the world. With an open way of
28、thinking, Western people stress the effect and influence of the objective world on ones mind. However, traditional Chinese philosophy does not make such a distinction. The Chinese take human beings as the center in their thinking, seeking harmony between people and nature. To them, only human beings
29、 are capable of conscious action.,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,1) A decade of the traffic police job in the city center has hurt his hearing.A: 在市中心当交通警察的十年损伤了他的听力。B: 因为在市中心当了十年交通警察，他的听力受到了损伤。2) Her accent suggests Welsh.A: 听她的口音好像是威尔士人。B: 她的口音建议是威尔士人。3) What happened to you yesterday?,4. Dif
30、ferent ways of thinking 思维的差异,Sometimes we may find time or place as the subject of English sentences.1. Rome witnessed many great historic events. 在罗马城发生过许多伟大历史事件。2.The morning sun greeted us as we came out on the deck. 3. The early 1600s saw the beginning of a great tide of immigration from Europe
31、 to North America. 4. The biting weather had driven everyone indoors.,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,Sometimes we may find physical, emotional and mental activities as the subject of English sentences, which exert certain effect on the people. But it is more natural for the Chinese sentence to
32、use personal subjects.1. His illness prevented him from attending the conference. 他因病未能参加会议。2. Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech. 3. All my courage deserted me. 4. A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,Such impersonal or inanimate subjects are of
33、ten turned into adverbial clauses in the Chinese translation to give prominence to the person.1. Rising prices prompted many labor unions to demand higher wages. 由于物价上涨，许多工会要求增加工资。2. My lack of imagination obliged me to set down quite straight forwardly what I have seen with my own eyes and heard wi
34、th my own ears.3. One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury. 5. The very sight of him makes me feel nervous. 4. A lot of trouble visited the poor family.。5. The title of the book invites the readers interest.。6. The shortest cut would take us five hours to
35、 get there.,4. Different ways of thinking 思维的差异,More examples,1. The cold weather frosted up the track last night. 【原译】 昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。2. My toes were frostbitten from skating too long. 【原译】滑冰的时间太长使我的脚趾冻伤了。3. The thought of going out in the rain and fog discouraged her. 【原译】 到雨中和雾里去的想法使她打了退堂鼓。4. Tha
36、ts the last well hear of it. 【原译】 这将是我们最后一次听到。5. I told my son to watch out for ice on the road ahead. 【原译】我告诉儿子提防前面道路上的冰。,1. 将下列句子译成汉语，注意意合法的应用。Although he had tried his best, he couldnt open it. My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now. You will recognize him when you see him. “You took me
37、because I was useful. There is no question of gratitude between us.” As soon as the cinema is in darkness, spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart, often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the film.,exercises,2. 将下列句子译成汉语，注意形合法的应用。Since most children liv
38、e with their mothers after divorce, one might expect that mother-child bond would even be strengthened.A new medicine for cancer is said to be proving out in laboratory tests, but there is no knowing about its clinical outcome yet.It is due to the development of integrate circuits that there is the possibility to make electronic devices smaller and smaller.With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best. Yet it was not her beauty so much as the look she gave me that fascinated me, melt me.,exercises,Thank you!,
