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1、Amplification 增词法,教学内容： 1.适当增添的必要性 2.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用,Warming-up Activity,Read the passage “Two Bills” and discuss in groups how to translate the underlined sentences.,Two BillsWhen Bill Clinton and Bill Gates played golf on Marthas Vineyard a few years ago, they didnt click. The President gave Gates a
2、heavy dose of the Clinton treatment, oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers. Clinton must have been disappointed by the cool response of Gates, who saw the subject as unduly personal. Gates, for his part, was put off that Clinton didnt
3、engage him on his favorite topic, technology. When the golfing ended, the two men went their separate ways. Gates didnt take sides in the Clinton-Dole election a couple of years later. Clinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.,Its not ha
4、rd to see why these two larger-than-life figuresone is the worlds most powerful man, the other is the richestdidnt become fast friends: the two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby-boom generation they represent. Clinton, who entered college in 1964, is dripping with Sixties values: a
5、John F. Kennedy-style belief in public service as a calling; an Age-of-Aquarius focus on emotional connection; and a countercultural streak of sex, drugs, and rock n roll. Gates, who came of age in the 1970s, has a Watergate-year detachment from politics, a mind-set more me-generation than “love-in”
6、, and a passion for the great revolutionary force of his own decade: the personal computer.,But Clinton and Gates are remarkably alike in other ways, particularly in their flaws. Both have almost limitless drive and self-absorption and a willingness to push the rules to the edgeor pass itto get what
7、 they want. When called to account, both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth. These qualities have landed both men in similar binds: Clinton is waiting to hear if he will be removed from office; Gates is fending off the Justice Departments ef
8、fort to rein in, or even carve up, Microsoft. Their flaws will take center stage this week, as both men mount defenses in their respective trials.,Both men found their callings early. Clinton was elected a senator at Boys Nation at 16. On a Washington field trip that year, he shook hands with Presid
9、ent Kennedyan ironic moment captured in a photo. After Yale Law School and a Rhodes Scholarship, Clinton, at 32, became governor of Arkansas. The single-minded rise to political power is a timeless story, but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era: the scruffy beard and antiwar prot
10、ests while at Oxford, the experiment with pot, the civil rights movement sensibility and the feminist wife who kept her nameat least initially.,The President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment, oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost the
11、ir mothers.Clinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.,克林顿总统以自己惯用的热烈的待人接物方式对待盖茨，满脸魅力、笑容可掬。因为两人都新近丧母，所以他满以为能在两人之间找到共同语言。,克林顿则听任司法部对微软公司提出反垄断诉讼这对微软公司可能会是一场毁灭性的打击。,Warming up Activity,the two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby
12、-boom generation they representGates, who came of age in the 1970s, has a Watergate-year detachment from politics, a mind-set more me-generation than “love-in”.,两个比尔禀性大不一样，他们分别代表了战后生育高峰首尾两端出生的这两类人。,盖茨20世纪70年代长大成人， 具有“水门事件”年代的人对政治冷漠超然的特点， 其心态更接近“唯我的一代”，而不是“颓废派”。,Warming up Activity,When called to acc
13、ount, both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.The single-minded rise to political power is a timeless story, but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era.,当要求他们对自己的所作所为进行解释时，两人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。,一心从政而最终把握大权，这是一个永恒的话题。然而，克林顿的平步青云则明显
14、地带有当时那个时代的印记。,Warming up Activity,Reflection:How did you translate the italicized parts in the previous sentences?What did you need to do to make your translation convey the original meaning and meanwhile read smoothly?What technique did you use in translating them?Why is it sometimes necessary for
15、a translator to add some words when translating?,Warming up Activity,As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words or omitting un
16、necessary words in translation to make her version both accurate in meaning and consistent with the idiomatic use of the target language.,The Necessity of Amplification,AmplificationAmplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate compr
17、ehension of the original. We resort to amplification for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author because English and Chinese are entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background,Amplification,Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions
18、 and shorthand words, etc. that are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to foreigners. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.,For example, the translation of the word “wash”:Mary washes before meals.Mary wa
19、shes before going to bed.Mary washes after getting up.Mary washes for a living.Mary washes in a restaurant.,玛丽饭前洗手。,玛丽睡前洗漱。,玛丽靠洗衣为生。,玛丽在饭店当洗碗工。,玛丽起床后洗漱。,出于结构需要而增词,为了明确语义而增词,英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：,出于修辞需要而增词,. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在英汉翻译中的运用,I. 为了明确语义而增词,为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据具体情况增加合适的
20、译语词汇，包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括词以及承上启下的词等等。,I. 为了明确语义而增词,1. Supplying Words to Make Concepts Clear 英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词的含义具体化。但当具体名词表示抽象概念时，具体名词后应增加相应含义的名词。1) I was struck by their cordiality to each other.2) He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.,他们彼此的亲
21、密态度让我吃惊。,他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情而判决他儿子有罪。,3) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 4) This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. 5) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.,氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。,这种在低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。,一切准备工作就绪以后 ，飞机就起飞了 。,I. 为了明确语义而增词,
22、2. Supplying Words Omitted in the Original 原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。1) Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.2) Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.,通货膨胀已发展到了空前严重的地步。,物质可以转化为能 ，能也可以转化为物质。,增加动词1) In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and res
23、taurants.2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions , he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 3) I forgot my key.,在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。,晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后 ，他还得起草最后公报。,我忘了带钥匙。,增加副词,The crowds melted away.,人群渐渐散开了。,As he sat down
24、 and began talking, words poured out.,他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,First you borrow, then you beg.,头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。,Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.,他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,这部打字机真是物美价廉。,He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, w
25、ith a melancholy streak.,他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。,增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词,I. 为了明确语义而增词,3. Supplying Words to Make Generalizations or to Convey the Concept of Plurality 根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。1) Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October. 这之前，基辛格七月和十月两度在此下榻。2) The thesis summed up the
26、new achievements made in electronic computers, man-made satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三个领域中的新成就。,3) The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as “Asian Tourism Year”, and are cooperating in a drive to convince the worlds pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions. 亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“
27、亚洲旅游年”，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有许多引人入胜的旅游景观。,增加概括性词汇以承上启下,Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion.,不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。,增加表示名词复数的词增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数,Flowers bloom all over the yard.,朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,The lion is the king of animals.,狮是百兽之王。,1
28、. The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.2. If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?3. Air pressure decreases with altitude.,Time to Practice,最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。,既然那么阔，干嘛要叫穷？既然那么穷，干嘛摆阔气？,气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。,4. Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” requir
29、e explanation. 5. He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 6. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.,请注意，速度和速率这两个词需要解释.,他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。,7. I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. 8. A friend exaggerates
30、a mans virtue, an enemy his crimes.,我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。,朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大人的罪过。,9. According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 10. A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.,根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500 年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。,科学家经常设法推翻自己
31、的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。,II. 出于结构需要而增词,1. Supplying Necessary Connectives 1) Heated, water will change into vapor. 2) However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.3) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,水如受热,就会汽化。,不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多
32、么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。,因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力 。,II. 出于结构需要而增词,2. Supplying Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1) He served in the army for ten years.2) In Beijing, there was a divine scale and a higgledy-piggledy scale.,他服过十年兵役。,过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。,II. 出于结构需要而增词,3) We wont r
33、etreat; we never have and never will.4) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.,我们不会后退，我们从未后退过，将来也绝不后退。,我原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现在看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定它是不是自己的孩子。,Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence I came to
34、 a garden of grottoes, pavilions and shapely rocks and trees. 我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁玲珑，山石嶙峋，树木葱郁。,III.出于修辞需要而增词,Amplification by Repetition 英语为避免重复，尽量使用各种替代手段；而汉语喜欢排比结构，英译汉时，可适当增加一些重复词，以顺应汉语行文的特点。1) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.2) Ignorance is the mother of fear, as well as admi
35、ration.,读书足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。,无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。,翻译比喻性词语、成语、歇后语、双关语有时需要增添一些解释性词语，才能把意思完整明白地表达出来。1) shed crocodile tears2) It catered to large appetites and modest purses.,猫哭耗子假慈悲,它迎合胃口大而钱囊羞涩的吃客。,1. Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。 2. Avoid using this computer in
36、 extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.,Time to Practice,不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。,3. I had experienced oxygen or/and engine trouble. 4. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,Time to Practice,我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。,5. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。,Time to Practice,
