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1、Welcome to our class,语法框架图,按使用目的分,1.陈述句,2.疑问句,3.祈使句,4.感叹句,:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法,: 提出问题,: 提出请求,建议或发出命令，省略主语you的句子,: 表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,语法框架图,、按其结构可以分:,1.简单句,2.并列句,3.复合句,1.主语 +谓语,2.主语+ 谓语+宾语,3. 主语+系动词 +表语,4. 主语+谓语+宾语 +宾语补足语,5. 主语+谓语 + 间接宾语 +直接宾语,1,定语从句,2.名词性从句,3.状语从句,1.表语从句,2.主语从句,3.宾语从句,4.同位语从句,条件,结果,方式,让步,时间
2、,比较.,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。,名词性从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,状语从句,1. 时间状语从句,2. 地点状语从句,3. 原因状语从句,4. 条件状语从句,5. 让步状语从句,6. 目的状语从句,7. 结果状语从句,8. 方式状语从句,9. 比较状语从句,1.状语定义: 合句中由从句担任状语，称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语、定语或状语，或是整个句子2. 当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语从句。分类如下：,什么是状语？,时间,地点,条件,让步,原因,目的,结果,比较,方式,状语从句,一. 时间状语从句,1.注意时态一致.一般情况下: 主句 是将来
3、时的时候, 从句 用一般现在时1.表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。,1.时间状语从句,引导词可分为两部分,as while when whenever before after until (till) since as soon as,every timenext timethe first/timethe momentthe minute/instantlyimmediatelydirectly(一就),as引导的时间状语从句, 可以表达“正当”， “一 边一边”，“随着”等意思。,1. 表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生。 As the sun rose, the fo
4、g disappeared.,2. 表示在某事发生的过程中，另一事发生。 Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion.,3. 表示两个动作同时发生。 Helen sang a song as she washed.,4. 表示“随着.”.常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果。 As she grew older, she became more beautiful.,1. as, while , when的区别,while:持续性动词 进行时,1.一般或现在情况2.将来情况V一般现在时或现在进行时3.过去情况,e.g. I like list
5、ening to music while I am doing my homework .,e.g. Im going to the post office. - While you are there, can you get some stamps for me?,e.g. I hurt my should while I was doing gym.,When:1.当的时候When I was young, I went to town myself.When he receives the letter, hell tell us.,before引导的时间状语从句,1. 常译为“在之前
6、”，2.表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。,1.We clean the classroom before we leave school every day.,2.It will not be long before you regret for what youve done.,after引导的时间状语从句,1.常译为“在之后”，2.表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。,1.After you use plastic bags, you mustnt throw them about.用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。,The Amrican War lasted four years _
7、 the North won in the end.A. After B. before C. when D. then,B,since引导的时间状语从句,1.常译为“自从”，2.主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。,1.我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。,We havent seen each other since we parted.,常用句型：It has been (is) + 时间段 + since从句 “自从有多长时间了 ”,2.自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了。,It has been (is) six years since she graduated from the uni
8、versity.,before,after,since,He had left the town the day _ she arrived.It was not long _ he left his hometown.I played football _ I (had) finished my homeworkPlease tell her Ill come _ I do some shopping.It will not be long _ we meat each other again.It _ (be) two years since we _ (begin) to use thi
9、s machine.,before,after,before,before,after,is/ has been,began,until/ till引导的时间状语从句,1.常译为“直到时”，2.表示主句动作发生在从句之前。,当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式。,1：我会待在这里，直到你回来。,Ill stay here until you come back.,当主句谓语动词是非延续性动词时, 主句常用否定形式。 not until“直到才”，这时until 可用before替换。,He didnt go to bed until he finished his homework.
10、,2.他直到做完作业才睡觉。,_ he heard this, he got very angry. 2. I met Lucy_ I was walking along the river.3. _ a child, he lived in the countryside. A. when B. while C. as,对比训练 1,A,B,C,1. We were about to leave_ it began to rain.2. She thought I was talking about her son, _, in fact, I was talking about my so
11、n.3. Hardly had I finished my composition _ the bell rang. A. when B. while C. as D. during,对比训练 2,A,B,A,as soon as引导的时间状语从句,1.译为“一就”，2.表示从句动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。,1.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。,I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.,2.相当于as soon as 用法的词或短语还有：immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the
12、 minute, the instant等.,2.Ill give him your message the minute he arrives.,1.Directly I had done it, I knew I had made a mistake.,名词短语引导的时间状语从句, 1.the moment, the minute, 3.the instant, the time, 5.the hour, the day, 7.by the time, each time, 9.every time, next time, any time等也可以引导时间状语从句。,1.I thought
13、 her nice and honest the first time I saw her.,2.By the time you arrived, the lecture had already ended.,3.By the time he comes, we will already have left.,1.When every time I was in trouble, he would come to help me.2. At next time you come, do remember bring your son here.3.For the first time I me
14、t the girl. I felt in love with her.4.You are welcome to come back at any time you want to.5.At the last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.语法规则：,every time,each time,next time,the first time,any time 等名词短语引导状语从句不加介词。,考点:名词短语引导时间状语从句,其他连词引导的时间状语从句,1.no sooner than, hardly/ scarcely/ barelywhen2
15、.从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。3.当no sooner, hardly/ scarcely/ barely位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。,1.I had no sooner begun to talk than he rang off. 2.No sooner had I begun to talk than he rang off. 我还未来得及讲话，他就挂断了电话。,1. It cost me 20 yuan to get to the Quanzhou Museum yesterday. Well, it was a waste of money to take a taxi _
16、 you could have gone by bus as well. (11泉州市质检） A. when B. while C. unless D. because,2. You never really know whether you could handle failure _ you come face to face with it. (11厦门市质检） A.until B. after C. when D. while,3Because of the heavy traffic，it was already time for lunch break she got to her
17、 office（10四川）Asince Bthat Cwhen Duntil,4. John thinks it wont be long he is ready。for his new job. （10陕西） A. when B. after C. before D. since,A,5.How can you expect to learn anything you never listen？ (06山东31) A.in case B.even ifC.unless D.when,1. I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voi
18、ce _ I picked up the phone. A. while B. after C. in case D. the minute2. How long do you think it will take _ our product becomes popular with the consumers A. when B. until C. before D. since3. _ the day went on, the weather got worse. A. With B. since C. As D. While4. He was halfway through his me
19、al _ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while,6.She had just finished her homework_ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday(09福建33) .A. when B. while C. after D. since,7.You cant borrow books from the school library _ you get your student card.(09上海32)
20、 A. before B. if C. while D. as,需要注意的几点:1.在时间(或条件)状语从句中,要注意时态一致.一般情况下, “主将从现”When he receives the letter, hell tell us.1.When _again? When he_, Ill let you know. (NMET88)A. he comes; comes B. will he comes ;will come C. he comes; will comeD. will he come; comes,牛刀小试(时间状语从句),_ he was on holiday he ca
21、ught a bad cold.Since B. While C. As D. During2. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.When B. Since C. While D. As3. She will write to you as soon as she _ to Paris.A. Will get B. gets C. get D. got,Mary made coffee _ her guests were finishing their meal.So that B. although C. while D. as if2. T
22、om was about to close the window _ his attention was caught by a bird.When B. if C. and D. till3. John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job.A. When B. before C. after D. since,C,A,B,5. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _ I could answer the phone.A. As
23、B. since C. until D. before6. It was a long time _ we met again.A. Before B. since C. for D. when7. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story.A. when B. unless C. until D. after,8. Dont stop _ you meet with a word you dont understand. A. at the
24、 time B. each time C. while D. During9. -did you remember to give Alice the money you owe her? -Yes, _ I saw her, I remember it.A. while B. the instant C. suddenly D. soon10. _ a baby turtle is hatched, it must be able to feed for itself.No sooner than B. No soonerC. So soon that D. As soon as,地点状语从
25、句,1.用连接副词 where或wherever 引导。,. a. Just stay where you are. b. Where there is a will, there is a way. c. You can sit wherever you like. d. Wherever you go, Ill be right here waiting for you.,When he reads a book, his habit is to make a mark _ the meaning is unclear to him. A. there B. wherever C. the
26、 place D. in which,2. 地点状语从句,1.Where-的地方 2.Wherever=no matter where-不论何处,Go where you want.Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.,地点状语从句,定语从句,He made a mark at the place _Helen was
27、 living .A. at which B. at whereC. the place where D. where,He made a mark _Helen was living .A. at which B. at whereC. the place where D. where,1._ there is a will, there is a way.When B. That C. While D. Where2. He made a mark _ Ali Baba was living.at which B.at where C. the place where D.where3.
28、-Where shall I put the dictionary? -Put it _ it was.That B. when C. where D. which4. No one wants to live _ the air is polluted.In place B. where C. in which D. there where,牛刀小试(地点状语从句),1. Today, we will begin _ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.When B. where C. how D. what2. Th
29、e little girl who got lost decided to remain _ she was and wait for her mother.A. Where B. what C. how D. who,B,A,原因状语从句,1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 2.常用的连接词是：because, as, since, now that, for,和considering that, seeing that 这七个连词都用于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个比一个弱。,e.g. He didnt come to school because he was il
30、l.,c.f. He might be ill, for he didnt come to school.,表示“直接”原因。,表示“间接的推断”原因.不可出现在句首。,3. 原因状语从句,because, since, as, for的区别:,1.because直接原因，非推断语气最强 回答why的问题。2.since 通常放句首译为“既然”3.as 不谈自明的原因，语气最弱。4.for 放句中，引导后半句表原因, 或补充推断的理由。,1. because:因为, 2. As: “由于”, 表示较为明显的原因,语气弱As you request it, I will come.3. Sinc
31、e:”既然 ”表示对方已经知道的事实或理由Since everybody is here, lets begin.4. now that：因为,既然已,现在已经Now that Ive seen how he lives, I know why he needs so much money.,1. I danced in front of the people _ I liked it.2. Youd better wear strong shoes _ well do a lot of walking.3. _ he was not well, I decided to go without
32、 him.4. _ everybody know about it, I dont want to talk any more.5. He must be ill, _ he is absent Today.6. Some people believe that _ oil is running out, the fate of the motor industry is uncertain.,because,as,As,Since,for,since,牛刀小试(原因状语从句),Parents should take seriously their childrens requests for
33、 sunglasses _eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.because B. though C. unless D. if2. _ we have finished the book we shall start doing some exercises.For now B. since that C. Now that D. Since now3. -Why didnt he attend the meeting? -_ he thought it was unimportant. Since B. As C. Because D.
34、 For4. Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active process _it requires attention as well as memory and imagination.A. for B. until C. but D. unless,结果状语从句,结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由 so, so that, such that; so that 等引导。,a. So quickly did he run that I couldnt catch up with him. b. The bus broke down so that
35、 we had to walk home. c. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.d. He got to the station finally, only to find the train had left.,7. 结果状语从句,so that, such that,1.so+形容词/副词+that从句 2.so+形容词+a/an +可数名词单数that从句 3. such +a/an形容词+可数名词单数+that从句 4.such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词 +that 5.so+many/much/few
36、/little + 名词+thatSuch +a lot of/lots of +名词+that从句,1.He was so excited that he couldnt go to sleep last night.2.It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.3.It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.,当So 或 such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序,So interesting is it that all of us w
37、ant to read it.,3. Mike is _boy that we all like him.So good a B. a good soC. A such good D. such good a4. He has _ little education that he cant teach _ little children.so; such B. too; such C. a; so D. very; so,1.Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.
38、A. As B. that C. which D. where,B,目的状语从句,引导目的状语从句的连词:,in order that ,用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。,so that,a. 较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，so 有时可省; 从句中要有情态动词, 否则, 就成为下一种句型：,b. 无情态动词则引导结果状语从句。,for fear that; in case; lest (以免)等。,6. 目的状语从句,e.g. a. Well sit nearer the front so that we can hear better. b. I shall write it
39、down lest I should forget.,注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用 so as to do 或 in order to do ,e.g. He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock. ,He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.,so that: 以便,目的是in order that: 以便 for fear thatLest 以防,惟恐in case,in order that句首句中so that句中,目的状语从句中谓语动词要用
40、should+do,1.Take your umbrella in case it should rain.2.They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.3.I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget it.,Leave your key with a neighbor _ you lock yourself out one day.Ever since B. even if C.
41、 soon after D. in caseHe started early _he could get there before nine.A.In order that B. because C. so as to D. in order to,D,A,条件状语从句,1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。,条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if, unless (除非), as / so long as (只要), on condition (只要), once ( 一旦), in case (假使) , providing / pro
42、vided (that) 等。,e.g. a.Well come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.b. We should serve the people as / so long as we live.,4. 条件状语从句,连 词连词:并列连词和从属连词两大类。1.并列连词: 连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；2.从属连词: 一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。,引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless(=if not除非), so/a
43、s long as（只要）, in case（万一）, on condition that（条件是）, suppose/supposing（假设，如果）, provided that（如果）,_ you touch an English person, you should say “sorry”. _ they are dirty, certain seas are not able to clean themselves. _ we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty. You can be allowed
44、 to play the game _you finish your homework first. Dont touch anything _ your teacher tells you to.,If,Once,As long as,on condition that,unless,1. We will be able to get there on time, _ our car doesnt break down on the road. as soon as B. as far asC. as long as D. as well as2. In time of serious ac
45、cidents, _ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives. whether B. untilC. if D. unless3. _ you have tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is. A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When,1. Youll fail the exam unless you study hard.2. As long as you dont lose heart, you will succe
46、ed.3. Suppose/supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?4. In case there is a fire, what will we do first?,The little boy wont go to sleep _ his mother tells him a story.Or B. unless C. but D. whether2. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school d
47、uring the day ,_ accompanied by an adult.Once B. when C. if D. unless3. -Our holiday cost a lot of money. - Did it? Well, that doesnt matter _ you enjoyed yourselves.A. As long as B. unless C. as soon as D. though,B,D,A,方式状语从句,主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导: as, just as, as if, as though, the way (tha
48、t), in the way (that)等。,a. We must do as the Party tells us. b. Leave the things as they are. c. Most plants need sunlight just as they need water. d. It sounds as if it is raining. e. They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他们以我从没见过的方式行事。 f. As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气
49、，犹如鱼儿离不开水,8. 方式状语从句,引导方式状语从句的连词有as, just as,正如, as if, as though好像,Do as you are told to, or you will be fired.The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. I feel as if I have a fever.,She pretended _ nothing had happened.A. As B. if C. as though D. since,C,让步状语从句,让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。常用引导词：
50、though, although, even if, even though,no matter + 疑问词(what/ who/ where/ when/ which/ how)疑问词-ever(whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever),特殊引导词： as (用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)， while ( 一般用在句首 )， whether or , whether () or not,5. 让步状语从句,一、although/though, even if, even though 引导让步状语从句,不能和but
