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1、动词不定式的不同形式（以do为例）,作主语的不定式: To do is Its +adj. + to do (Its + adj for sb to do Cf Its + adj + of sb to do)Its + n + to do ( Its fun/ a pity/ a shame/ good manners/ bad manners to do )Its + prep + to do (Its of use/ of value/ beyond me/ not within my power/ just like her +to do)It + V + n + to do ( ta
2、ke/ cost/ require),作主语的不定式:To tell a lie is wrong. (It is wrong to tell a lie.)To be invited here is an honour. (It is an honour to be invited here.)3. It is impossible for him to master the art of speaking.5.It was brave of her to save the pupils. (=She was brave to save the pupils.),It is + 形容词 +
3、for/of sb + to do 结构 在“It is +形容词+ of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, etcIts kind of you to think so much of us. How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! It is good of you to help me with my English.,It is +形容词+for sb +不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important,
4、possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。It is easy for me to see through his trick.我很容易看穿他的鬼把戏。(=For me to see through his trick is easy.) It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. 他很难改掉自己的坏习惯 It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。（强调的是give up smoking 这一行为,It se
5、emed a pity to have wasted so much time It takes twenty minutes to walk here.It takes 5 months to finish the task. It takes a strong man to move the table. It costs 5000 yuan to fly to Australia. It requires patience to do the experiment.,注意： 当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be r
6、espected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up ones freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。,作动词宾语的不定式：动词+ to不定式. (want; plan; wish; hope; decide ), 可接不定式作宾语的动词有： afford负担得起/ agree 同意/ aim以为目标/ ask 要求/ attempt 尝试 /care喜爱/ choose决定/ continue 继续/decide决定/ desire要求/ determine决心/ expect 期待/ fail不能/ hope 希望intend 打算/
7、long渴望 / manage设法 offer表示愿意/ plan 计划/ prefer 宁愿/ pretend 假装/ promise 答应/refuse 拒绝 want 想要/ wish希望,动词+ 疑问词+to 不定式 ( decide; learn ; remember; forget ,know， understand, wonder ) I dont know what to say.Many teachers have learned how to drive.,.动词+ 形式宾语 + 补足语+ 不定式V+ it + adj./n. + to do （feel, find, ma
8、ke, think, consider ）1. I think it better to start off early.2. People find it very necessary to have sports often.3. We consider it important to learn English well.I feel it my duty to help you with your studies.She made it a rule to get up at five,作宾语补足语的不定式 动词+宾语+ to 不定式( V+ sb + to do )1. The do
9、ctor advised me to have a blood test.2. I got them to join us in the discussion. (advise; allow; encourage; expect, forbid，force, invite, remind, persuade, want,),hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。,【误】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 【正】I wish you to give me a han
10、d. 【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.,动词词组+宾语+to 不定式1. Ill arrange for the guest
11、s to tour several villages.2. They are waiting for the school bus to come. ( ask for; appeal to sb to do; depend on sb to do; call on sb to do; rely on sb to do; long for sb to do; shout to sb to do ;wait for sb to do; ),动词+宾语+不带 to不定式(V+ sb + do )1. I saw the lady lock the door.2. They didnt let an
12、yone come in.3. His wife had him go back to the seaside. (let; have; make sb do 使役动词； 和see, watch; hear, notice, listen to 等视听感官动词),作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往
13、常一样坐在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待,如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在介词except或but之后的不定式可不带to。 The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。 They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come. 他们只能等待医生的到来。,作形容词的宾语 不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语 句子的主语是不定式的逻
14、辑主语。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语This problem is easy to solve. The water is not fit to drink. She is hard to get along with. 注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这
15、条河里游泳很危险。 A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。,had better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, would sooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.She cant do anything but ask si
16、lly questions.Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.,作表语的不定式：My purpose is to teach them a lesson.His mistake was not to take my advice.To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.What I want is to have more outdoor sports.动词用to do 做宾语；它的同源名词做主语后往往用to do
17、做表语,注意： 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house is to let. 此房出租。主语部分的谓语动词中有do, 做表语的不定式往往省略to eg: What you should do is (to) read the text first.,作定语的不定式I have something to say.I want a bookcase to put my books in.Im afraid there is no time to play now.He is the right perso
18、n to do that job.Her wish to be an air hostess has finally come true.,注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。 He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。 Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今
19、天上午我有许多事情要处理。,V + N + to do + prep.= V + N + Prep + which+ to do Eg: find a room to study in = find a room in which to study Give me a piece of paper to write my telephone number on= on which to write(但是time; place; way 后面加不定式不跟介词)cf: find a good place to studyI need some tome to studyThis is a good
20、 way to study literature.,有些名词的同根词常跟不定式，因此它也跟不定式做定语：ones promise to do; ones offer to do; make an attempt to do; ones refusal to do ones failure to do; ones decision to do; ones ability to do; ones anxiety to do; ones eagerness to do; ones willingness to do; ones readiness to do),have sth to do / ha
21、ve sth to be done (区别)the first/ the last/ the only + (sb) + to do （并不表示将来）eg: He was the first (person) to leave the classroom yesterday.Its time to do; There is no need to do;,作状语的不定式He got nearer to see clearly.To find out what it looked like the blind men felt the elephant .She returned only to
22、find her husband had gone.He is too young to understand all that has happened.He is old enough to help his parents with some housework.,1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. To save the child, he laid down his life. 注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）Il
23、l write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.,2表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. What have I said to make you so angry 我说了什么话使你气成这样？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。,必
24、背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。 1） so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 2） such . as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 3） enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,too . to do His eyesight is too
25、 poor to read such small letters. 注意：too.to.结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。The boy was too eager to get a geography book. He is too anxious to know the examination results.,A 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）
26、To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）,B不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。 Im glad to be traveling with you. He happened to be telephoning when I we
27、nt in.They pretended to be sleeping when the teacher knocked at the door.,C 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.I seem to have met him somewhere before.I must be off. I am pleased to have met you all.The b
28、ook is said to have been translated into several foreign languages.,在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. I expected to have met him here last night. We meant to have stayed there a week. I wan
29、ted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.,原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。 I had intended to call on you. I had expected to meet him here last night. We had meant to stay there a week.,D 不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直
30、住了20年。 Im sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉，我一直打扰你,不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。He disliked to be praised in public.The only animal to be seen in the desert was the camel.The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. He ap
31、peared to have been questioned for many times,不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“for + 名词（代词）+ 不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构.This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. Thats for you to decide. I have some books for you to read.He stood aside for me to pass.,be + 不定式结构可以表示将来
32、发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 You are not to stand here. 你不能站在这里。 2表示计划或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。 Whats to be done next 下一步该怎么办,with/without + 名词 + 不定式结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.
33、 With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.,用作独立成分的不定式 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 必背：用作独立成分的不定式to tell you the truth 说老实话 to be frank 坦率地说 to conclude 总而言之to begin with 首先to be brief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be exact 精确地说 to say nothing of 姑且不说,
