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1、低钠血症诊断思路,目录,低钠血症的临床意义低钠血症的诊断思路低钠血症的治疗原则,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,目录,低钠血症的临床意义低钠血症的诊断思路低钠血症的治疗原则,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的临床意义,钠:机体血液渗透压的主要决定因子, 调节细胞外液容积, 影响血压及组织器官灌注。,体内钠总量,ECF,血压,组织器官灌注,低钠血症的临床意义,常见的电解质紊乱: 15%的住院患者尤其是重症监护室:丧
2、失自主行为能力;水钠平衡调节能力下降老年人神经科病人昏迷插管,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的临床意义,症状及体征与血钠的水平血钠异常主要影响神经、胃肠道和神经肌肉的功能。血清钠125mmol/L,多无症状血清钠125mmol/L,GI症状血清钠120mmol/L, 出现NS症状血清钠110mmol/L,抽搐、昏迷发生速度、年龄,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的临床意义,中枢神经系统轻度:冷漠,头痛,
3、昏睡中度:兴奋,运动失调,混乱,定向力障碍, 精神异常重度:木僵,昏迷,假性延髓麻痹,死亡胃肠道厌食恶心呕吐肌肉运动系统肌肉痉挛腱反射减弱,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,目录,低钠血症的临床意义低钠血症的诊断思路低钠血症的治疗原则,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路
4、,血钠135mmol/L,低钠血症,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,1. 血浆渗透压 2. 细胞外液状态 3. 尿钠(尿渗透压),Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,1.血浆渗透压=2血钠(mmol/L)+血糖(mmol/L)+血尿素氮(mmol/L)正常值:270-290 mmol/L高渗移位性低钠血症等渗假性低钠血症低渗有意义的低钠血症,Beijing Hospital of Tr
5、aditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,高渗性低钠血症:钠以外的其他溶质导致血 浆渗透压升高最为常见的原因:高血糖;血液中甘露醇浓度升高,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,大量甘露醇充盈膀胱,血液中甘露醇水平显著升高,血液高渗状态,细胞内液向细胞外间隙移动,血钠水平降低,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,等渗性:假性低钠血症。最为
6、常见的原因:血浆中固相成分增加;检测方法。,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,血浆中固相成分增加:高血脂;高蛋白血症(多发性骨髓瘤;大量使用丙种球蛋白);,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,检测方法:间接离子特异性电极法(特点:血液标本需要稀释后才能进行测定),病例A患者A的1ml血浆中含:930l水及70l固体水中Na+=150mmol/L固相Na+=0mmol/L采用1:10稀释的
7、标本测定钠浓度=1500.93/10=13.95mmol/L血钠浓度=13.9510=140mmol/L,病例B患者B的1ml血浆中含:800l水及200l固体水中Na+=150mmol/L固相Na+=0mmol/L采用1:10稀释的标本测定钠浓度=1500.8/10=12mmol/L血钠浓度=1210=120mmol/L,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,低渗性低钠血症:2.评估细胞外液状态:低容量性(总水,总钠);等容量性(总水,总钠-);高容量性(总水 ,总钠 )。,Beijing
8、Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,细胞外液容量状态的判断:,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,3.测定尿钠水平:判断钠丢失的途径(未使用利尿药物的情况下):尿钠20mmol/L肾脏排钠;尿钠20mmol/L肾外途径 (胃肠道、第三间隙)。,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,低钠血症的诊断思路,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022/12/11,谢谢!,