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1、第三讲,综合语与分析语Synthetic vs. Analytic,1 综合语与分析语概述2 对比与翻译 2.1 形态（构词形态/构形形态） 2.2 语序 2.3 虚词 2.4 声调语言与语调语言,contents,英语：综合-分析语(synthetic-analytic language)汉语：分析语 (Analytic language),1 综合语与分析语概述,A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical rela
2、tionships.所谓综合型语言，是指这种语言主要通过本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。,综合语,2 对比与翻译,An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic（句法的）relations, rather than of inflected form.所谓分析型语言，是指这种语言中的句法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、语序等手段来
3、表示。,分析语,1.构词形态变化,即起构词作用的词缀变化（affixation）,包括大量的前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）的变化。（词性/词义转变）2.构形形态变化，即表达语法意义的词形变化。,形态变化,2.1 英语形态变化，即词的形式变化，主要有两方面：,英语通过词形变化，改变词性，用这些词灵活组句，可以表达一个几乎相同的意思。汉语词形变化比较少，利用词缀构词仍处于发展中，不能表达同样多的意思。,构词形态变化对比,MovemovementRapid-rapidly-rapidityAstonishastonishing-astonishingly,灵活组句,他行进的速度快得令人惊
4、讶。,英语构词形态变化,He moved astonishingly rapidly .He moved with astonishing rapidity.His movements were astonishingly rapid.His rapid movements astonished us.His movements astonished us by their rapidity.The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.He astoni
5、shed us by moving rapidly.He astonished us by his rapid movements.He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.,英语构词形态变化,汉语词尾变化,但汉语也有一些词尾变化。如词尾“X子”可以指人：孩子、瞎子、胖子；也可以指物：箱子、刷子、椅子；还可以指时间，日子等。类似的还有“X儿”、“X员”、“X们”、“X者”、“X家”、“X了”、“X着”、“X过”、等等。但汉语利用词缀构词仍处于发展中。所以我们说汉语几乎没有构词形态的变化。,汉语构词形态变化,构形形态变化对比,英语的构形形
6、态变化包括：数（number）、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person) 的变化汉语没有构形形态变化。,英语构形形态变化,I gave him a book. 我给他一本书。He has given me two books.他已给我两本书His father often gives him books.他爸爸常常给他一些书。,I-me 我 he-him-his 他gave-given-gives 给book-books 书,小 结,英语通过形态变化，一个词可以表达多种词
7、性和语法意义。但现代英语的名词等已经失去了古英语的若干形态变化（阴/阳性的变化），所以我们称英语是正不断由综合型语言向分析型语言发展的语言。汉语总体上来说，没有形态变化，所以汉语是典型的分析语。,英译汉一般要通过借助词语、安排语序、隐含意义或其他办法分别表达英语的数，时，体，语态，语气，级，人称和词性等意义。,英译汉翻译要点,借助词语,Thus encouraged, they made a bolder plan for the next year.（由于）受到了这种鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。,借助“（由于）受到了”，表达原文中过去分词短语thus encouraged的被动
8、，以及其做状语表示原因的语法意义；借助“更”表达原文中bolder的比较级。,When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric cell a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire. 当把一根铜线的两端连接到一种叫做电池的电器上时，就会有稳定的电流通过该铜线。,Try it!,安排语序,His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的忽略使他更加不舒服。,借助语序
9、调整反映英语的被动语态。,利用词语隐含意义,The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说此书已译成多种语言。,利用词语的隐含意义来翻译原文的被动语态,其他办法,Oxford has, and had fewer students than the University of Toronto. 牛津大学的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。,通过变换说法来翻译原文中的两个“有”。,汉译英时，应特别注意对汉语进行分析，把汉语中通过词汇或暗含形式表达的时态、语态、情态、语气等用英语的形态变化表达出来。,汉译英
10、翻译要点,汉译英,第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945. The first electronic computers was put into service in 1945.二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。（萧红永久的憧憬和追求）When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like a hobo.When I was twenty, I fled
11、 home. And so far I still live the life of vagrant.,1. The two cultures are taken as a whole.将两种文化视为一体。 2. The two cultures are taken as wholes.将两种文化各自视为一个整体。 3. They loved each other and there is no love between them. 他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没有什么感情可言了。,课内练习,4. In every game, they were bested by the visitors.
12、每场比赛他们都败在客队的手下。(best有打败，胜过的意思)5. He realizes that he is not as healthy as he was. -他意识到自己现在已不像过去那么健康了。6. They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter. -他们说到今年冬天刘教授在这里教书就（要）满二十年了。,7. .When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer,
13、and lighting his pipe (George Santayana, The Weather in His Soul)在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时,1. 形态变化与语序有密切的关系。形态变化越多的语言，语序越灵活，反之亦然。2. 英语语序比较灵活，汉语语序相对固定。3.在英汉翻译中 ,部分语序可以完全对应，但由于汉语表达的需要 ,常需改变原句的语序 ,即使很短的句子也有语序调整的问题。,例如:They are to send a government trade delegation to China. 他们将派一个政府贸易代表团到中国来。I am glad to see
14、you. 见到你很高兴。,2.2 语序,英语语序相对灵活The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由
15、地保持其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享有其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，几乎是无可置辩的了。,句子结构复杂，语序灵活,It was difficult for a people, if not impossible, to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development. The assertion was now scarce
16、ly contested.,The assertion was now scarcely contested that it was difficult for a people, if not impossible, to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development.,The assertion that unless a people w
17、as able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development, it was difficult for it, if not impossible, to enjoy its basic rights was now scarcely contested,1.英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的位置基本上相同：主-动-宾（表），但英语语序经常会由于语法或修辞要求出现倒置。What in the world do
18、you mean?（疑问倒装）你究竟什么意思呀？Come you, everybody! (命令倒装）Not a finger did I lay on him.（否定倒装）我没指责过他。.,英汉语序对比,2.关于定语的位置汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，而英语的定语可以前置，也可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词后，位置比较灵活，而且有时还会远离名词.1)一个很重要的问题a very important questiona question of great imprtancea question which is very important2)以空前的速度at an unprecedent
19、ed speedat a speed unprecedented,3）Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields.至今仍保存着许多速写，画的是坐在路旁的农民和在田里劳动的男男女女。翻译英语定语时，必须根据原文的意思和汉语的习惯灵活处理。即使是翻译英语的单词定语，有时也要改变其位置，或转换成汉语的谓语或其他成分。,Keith: A little yellow,ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.基思：一个讨
20、饭的， 身材矮小，面色蜡黄，衣衫褴褛，一瘸一拐，满脸胡子。She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington.她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，聪慧迷人，但小有脾气。,当英语句中出现 数个描写性定语时，翻译成汉语时一般多作谓语，少作定语。,3.在表达多层逻辑思维时，汉英语序差异有一定规律可循（p.35）,1，表态部分在前，叙事部分在后。2，先短后长，头轻脚重（句子长度）。3，先弱后强，先小后大（表意思，程度，范围）。4，逻辑关系总体较灵
21、活。,1，叙事部分在前，表态部分在后。2，先长后短，头重脚轻（句子长度）。3，先强后弱，先大后小（表意思，程度，范围）4，逻辑关系遵循由先到后，由因到果，由假设到推论，由事实到结论。,汉语语序,英语语序,汉语语序（时间，空间，大小，强弱，因果）,Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦 天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今 国破家亡、天长地久、优胜劣汰Phrases: 进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences: 有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其
22、乐 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。Addresses:中国上海康桥路1500号,I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。,汉语因果关系明确；且叙事在前，表态在后,调整时间顺序调整空间顺序 按照信息中心调整语序调整逻辑顺序,英汉翻译中英汉句子语序的调整,A. 调整时间顺序,英语叙述较灵活，而汉语
23、则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。,He began to prepare his lessons with a dictionary.他拿本字典，开始准备功课。They left for the field, shouldering hoes.他们扛着锄头下地了。The children came running to greet us.孩子们跑着来迎接我们。,It was an old woman, tall and shapely still , though withered by time ,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned
24、.,首先对英语原句进行 “拆卸” 处理 ,原句可切分出七个核心句:It was an old woman.She was tall .She was shapely still .She was withered by time.His eyes fell on her.He stopped.He turned.经分析 ,七个核心句的时间顺序依次为 。【译文】他站住 ,转过身来 ,定睛一看 ,原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长 ,虽受岁月折磨而略显憔悴 ,但丰韵犹存。, I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon. A half - moon
25、 was just setting. The moon rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib. 经分析 ,三个核心句的时间顺序依次为 。经过此番调整 ,就可以顺利地传译为:【译文】半轮晓月渐渐西沉 ,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来 ,我趁着月光穿上衣服。,I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon just setting , whose rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib.(Jane Eyre)
26、,Try it!,For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed. 【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。,调整时间顺序,Try it!,英汉两种语言一般都遵循由上到下、由左到右的顺序排列；但是汉语由背景到焦点、由参照体到目标体； 英语由焦点到背景、由目标体到参照体，翻译时要注意
27、这种认知差异在句法上的体现。,B. 调整空间顺序,返回章重点,退出,His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码 19104。 Dr. Smiths new address is Flat 8, 8th Floor, 75 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.史密斯博士的新地址是香港九龙窝打老道75号8层8室。,调整空间顺序,【译文2】我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里
28、还住了人。,We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Avenue.,【译文1】我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。,调整空间顺序,C. 按照信息中心调整语序,返回章重点,退出,It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night .昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。 It was
29、 Mozart that Jane played at the party last night .珍妮昨晚在晚会上演奏的是莫扎特的作品。 What I am doing is teaching him a lesson. 我眼下在干的是就是教训他一顿。,英语大都把人的态度，感受或最重要的放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,英语往往把最需要表达的东西放在一个句子的最前边，而汉语往往把最需要说的东西放在句子的最后边。 辜正坤翻译标准多元互补论,找出原句的语义重心，选择合适的译文,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a
30、 single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有钱的单身汉, 总想娶位太太, 这是一条举世公认的真理。一条举世公认的真理是, 凡是有钱的单身汉, 总想娶位太太。,按照信息中心调整语序,按照信息中心调整语序,英语大都把人的感受或最重要的放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized, especially for the
31、small countries, the supreme guarantee of a new international order based on peace and justice. 【译文】四分之一世纪前，联合国大会和安全理事会曾象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说，尤其如此。,按照信息中心调整语序,英语大都把人的感受或最重要的放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past five years is especially
32、 striking in view of the crisis which we inherited from the previous government. 【译文】考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机，我们在过去5年里所取得的成绩尤为显著，这是无可否认的。,His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him. 【译文】他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的远远不止是知识，这是他最大的贡献。,按照信息中心调整语序,Try it!,汉语逻辑关系遵循由先到后，
33、由因到果，由假设到推论，由事实到结论。而英语的逻辑关系相对灵活。,D. 调整逻辑顺序,返回章重点,退出,汉语常是“条件假设”在前，“结果”在后。,调整逻辑顺序,We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country. 【译文】我们认为，如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都不会是持久的。,英语因果叙述较灵活，汉语常是“因”在前，“果”在后,
34、调整逻辑 顺 序,This preface must necessarily be short and modest, for I cannot claim to be an expert in painting, merely an ardent lover of the art. 【译文】我在绘画方面谈不上有所专攻，只是热爱这门艺术而已，因此要为这部画册作序，只能三言两语谈一点肤浅的看法。,英语因果叙述较灵活，而汉语常是“因”在前，“果”在后,调整逻辑顺 序,This is all provoking Miss Scatchered, who is naturally neat ,punc
35、tual and particular. 【译文】斯卡查德小姐天生讲究整洁 ,遵守时刻 ,一丝不苟; 这一桩桩都使她非常恼火。,Try it!,英语表示目的行为，常是“行为”在前，“目的”在后，而汉语有时为了强调目的，常把目的放在行为之前,调整逻辑顺 序,On earth, where fog or rain would interfere with transmission, lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent power loss. 【译文】地球上的雾或雨会干扰激光的传播，因此，为了防止
36、能量的损失，激光必须从真空管道通过。,英汉语序差异溯源,思维方式是语言生成的哲学机制。语言受思维的支配, 它是处在交际中的人的思维载体。 作为从一种语言向另一种语言转换的翻译, 不但是一种语言活动, 而且是一种思维活动。人们在翻译实践中遇到的许多困难, 往往是思维对语言的支配作用造成的。英汉语语序差异在某种程度上反映了英汉语思维方式的差异; 另一方面, 探究英汉语思维方式的差异可以为英汉语语序差异追根溯源:,1 直线思维和曲线思维 在表达思想时, 英语民族的思维更直截了当, 习惯于把要点放在句首先说出, 然后再把各种标志一一补进。 汉民族则习惯于从侧面说明、阐述外围的环境, 最后点出话语的信息
37、中心。这就是为什么英语句式结构多为前重心, 头短尾长; 而汉语句式结构多后重心, 头大尾小。,2 分析思维模式与整体思维模式中式整体思维模式从整体出发, 由整体到部分, 强调整体程式。西方分析思维, 从局部出发, 由部分到整体, 强调形式结构程式。这种思维模式的差异在语序上表现为: 英语表示时间或地点单位序列时, 习惯由小到大, 采用部分在前, 整体在后的排列方式; 汉语恰好相反, 喜欢由大到小, 采用整体在前, 部分在后的模式。,3. 模糊性与精确性汉语形散而神不散, 句子之间的联系不是单纯靠语法, 主要是靠语序和思维进程,体现了中式思维的模糊性。英语句子结构严密、谨慎, 且主要依靠语法功能
38、进行连接, 形态变化丰富，语法严格。体现了西方思维的精确性。,奈达认为，每种语言都有自己的特征。要进行有效的交流就必须尊重每种语言的特征。卓有成效的译者不会把一种语言的形态强加到另一种语言上, 而是随时作必要的调整, 把源语的信息用译入语的独特结构表达出来。 研究表明, 中国人的翻译活动经常受到汉语表达方式的干扰, 尤其在语序层面。译文尽管语法和词汇正确, 但常常出现逻辑混乱或头重脚轻等不符合英语表达习惯的句子。这是由于对英汉语序结构的差异认识不清楚所致。 所以, 要培养实际双语转换能力和翻译技巧意识, 就应注重英汉句子语序的对比及其对翻译活动。,小 结,Assignment （第一次作业）,
39、1. I then sat with my doll on my knee, till the fire got low, glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worse than myself haunted the shadowy room.2. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the informatio
40、n media. 3. Mr. Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr. Bingley. He had always intended to visit him, though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go; and till the evening after the visit was paid, she had no knowledge of it.,实词（content/full/notion word): 名词、动词、 形容
41、词、副词、代词、数词 、量词 虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词 （结构助词“的”、“地”、“得”，动态助词“着”、“了”、“过”，情态助词“吗”、“呢”、“吧”、“啊”、“嘛”、“了”等) 实词(content/full/notion word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 虚词（form/structural/function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be）,汉语,英语,词类划分,2.3 虚词,1. 英语经常使用冠词,汉语没有冠词,因为汉语没有冠词，英译汉时可以省
42、略，但有时一个冠词之差，意思大不相同，这时汉语就要用不同的词语来表达。,out of question out of the question肯定、无疑 不可能 by day by the day在白天 按日计算by sea by the sea乘船（由海路） 在海边go to sea go to the sea 去海边 当水手 A third time the third time又一次 第三次in sight of in the sight of能看见 据的见解,in possession of in the possession of拥有 为所有 at table at the tabl
43、e 进餐 在桌子旁take advice take the advice征求意见 听从劝告 in office. in the office.在执政 办公室里in hospital in the hospital住院 在医院里,2汉语有丰富多彩的助词，这是汉语的一大特点。助词又分为：动态助词（如：着、了、过）、结构助词（如：的、地、得）语气助词（如：吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪）等。这些助词的作用，有一部分相当于英语的形态变化，有一部分却能左右结构、表达丰富的语气色彩。,明天这个时候我会在图书馆前边等着你来。Tomorrow this time Ill be waiting for you in
44、 front of the library.她听着音乐睡着了。She fell asleep while listening to music.,1.“着”表示持续，一般与英语进行体(现在、过去、未来)对应,动态助词 “着”的翻译,他竖着耳朵听外面有何动静。He tries to tell what is outside with his ears picked up.(介词短语）那个小姑娘含着眼泪走开了。The little girl went away with tears in her eyes. (介词短语)他佯装睡着了，躺着一动不动。He pretended to be asleep
45、, lying motionless. (现在分词),2. “着”表示伴随，可译成英语不定式、介词短语、现在分词等,1. “得”表示许可的英译。2. “得”表示可能、能够的英译3. “得”表示程度、结果的英译,结构助词“得”的翻译,表示许可时，多以“不得”的形式出现。一般可译作英语情态动词或祈使句。,1.表示许可,这件事放松不得。 This matter must be paid close attention to.这笔钱非经批准不得动用。 This fund may not be drawn on without permission. 不得触摸展品。 Hands off the exhi
46、bits.,2.表示可能，能够,可利用can (could), be able to, be capable of等表示能力的词。可借助带后缀 able 或 ible 表示可能的形容词。,这事他做得出。He is capable of doing such a thing.这次踢主场，咱们可输不得。This time we are the host team, and we cant afford to lose the game.,可利用can (could), be able to, be capable of等表示能力的词。,他的字还过得去。 His handwriting is pre
47、sentable（可见人的，像样的）.有关物理学的书城里买得到。 Books on nuclear physics are available in the town. 他见说得有道理，就没有反对了。 Since the statement was quite reasonable, he made no objection.他说得天花乱坠，其他人也觉得计划行得通。 He shot his mouth off（夸夸其谈）, and the other people also took it for granted that the plan was workable/practicable/f
48、easible.,可借助带后缀 able 或 ible 表示可能的形容词。,有些星星肉眼都看得很清楚。Some stars are quite visible to the unaided/naked eye.这个人靠得住吗？Is the man reliable？这个道理讲得通。The reason is acceptable. 这种蘑菇吃得。Mushrooms of this kind are edible.房东太太毛病虽多，我还是忍得了。The landlady is tolerable despite her many shortcomings.,课堂练习,表示程度、结果的“得”英译时
49、，方法比较多。一般做补语用在动词和形容词后面：动词/形容词+得+补充采用“sothat”, “soas to”, “suchthat”等结构 采用“tooto”, “toofor”, “enoughto”, “enoughfor”等结构用“till/until从句”表示用“连系动词+形容词”结构用“动词+副词”结构用“动词+名词/代词+副词”结构用“动词+介词短语”表示用英语的被动结构表示采用and连接的并列结构省略”得”字。,3.表示程度,结果,采用用英语的“sothat”“soas to”“suchthat” “asas”等结构,这件事愁得他夜不安枕。 He was so worried
50、about it that he tossed about /hardly slept a wink(打盹儿) in bed at night.他们要好得难舍难分。 They are such close friends that they are almost inseparable.天气闷热得大家喘不过气来。 It was such a hot and stuffy(闷热的) weather that people were out of breath.,差别大得人人都看得出来。It is such a great difference that all will perceive it.
