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1、Chapter 4 Magmatism and Igneous Rocks,中国石油大学双语教学试点课程（2004）山东省高等学校首批双语教学示范课程（ 2008）,授课对象：地质学专业本科学生课程性质：专业基础课开课学期：第一学期主讲教师：吕洪波（教授）,An Outline of Earth Sciences,主讲教师简介：吕洪波 男，1957年10月生于内蒙古赤峰。兴趣与特长：野外与科研，教学与教材（+文学+音乐+摄影+健身）。理念：教学与科研都需要奉献精神。少谈大师，多做事实，身教重于言传。 学习及工作简历： 1978年考入南京大学地质系铀矿地质与地球化学专业，1985年在南京大学地球
2、科学系构造地质专业获硕士学位并留校任教。1997年获得硕士生导师资格，1998年底在职博士毕业。 1985.71999.9年在南京大学地球科学系任教，先后任助教（19851987）、讲师（19871993）、副教授（19931999）。 1994.31995.11：苏丹喀土穆大学地质系教授（中国国家教委派遣援非任教）。 1999.92002.9：移居加拿大工作并学习。 2002年09月起长期受聘于中国石油大学（华东），任地球科学系教授。,2002年以来主讲课程： 地球科学概论：20042009级地质学专业（双语） 专业英语：20042007级地质学专业 地质学基础：20072009级巴基斯坦留
3、学生班（英语） 板块构造与沉积作用：20042009级地质学研究生（双语） 野外基础地质实习、鲁东地质综合实习、综合地质实习等，2002年起每年夏天在新泰、秦皇岛、巢湖等地 此外，还先后主讲过构造地质学、海洋地质学（双语）等课程。,先后在下扬子地区、滇黔桂地区、阿尔金地区、青藏高原、内蒙古西部、赤峰、辽西、冀东北、山东等地进行过沉积盆地构造演化研究以及第四纪冰川地貌研究。在非洲的撒哈拉沙漠和加拿大西海岸进行过多次野外实地考察。参与完成自然科学基金项目5项，横向石油地质课题6项，其他课题5项，已发表论文50多篇，独自编写出版地质学双语教材1部。近期研究领域：1构造地质学：目前主要从事软沉积物构造
4、变形研究，将构造地质学与沉积学紧密结合起来，先后发现并命名了同沉积挤压构造和同沉积布丁构造，探讨了不同板块背景下的震积岩，并将这些构造分别与挤压和伸展背景下的盆地演化阶段联系起来。2沉积学与沉积盆地构造演化研究：利用前积层、垂直缝合线、震积液化脉等构造、地震剖面、碎屑岩物质组成等综合探讨沉积环境与盆地构造演化。先后在辽西、河北、山东等环渤海湾地区进行多次野外地质考察，在山东新泰地区野外识别出下古生界含油碳酸盐岩。主持并参与多项基础石油地质研究课题。3中国东部第四纪冰川地貌研究：四年来对内蒙古、河北、山东等地的花岗岩高山区进行了详细的野外考察，发现了大量独特的第四纪冰川剥蚀地貌。明确指出：中国东
5、部曾经存在过第四纪大陆冰川，其南界至少曾经达到北纬36o以南。这一认识打破了近年来地学界“中国东部不存在第四纪冰川”的垄断论点。通过对青岛地区海岸山脉的详细考察，提出了胶州湾的冰川剥蚀成因说。4. 近年来参与中国地质科学院地质公园推广研究中心多项地质公园考察与研究项目，为中国地质公园建设和地学科普工作提供科学依据。两次野外考察太行山黎城段，在元古宙地层中识别出多种特殊的痕迹化石和重要的沉积构造，为地球早期生命演化与华北地区沉积环境研究提供了重要的素材；在黑龙江伊春地区考察了红星地质公园，为玄武岩石海的成因机制提供了科学的解释；通过对五大连池世界地质公园考察，为其“火山弹”与“喷气锥”景点的命名
6、提供了科学的更正建议。,2003年以来发表的第一作者学术论文 吕洪波，任晓辉，许民，欧阳江城，2010，再论山脊壶穴的冰川融水成因兼与施雅风院士商榷。地质论评，56（4）：693702。 吕洪波，2009，鲁西古生代碳酸盐岩中的垂直缝合线及其在华 北板块构造演化中的意义。地质论评，55（4）：473483。 吕洪波，章雨旭，2008，壶穴、锅穴、冰臼、岩臼等术语的辨析与使用建议。地质通报，27（6）：917922。 吕洪波，朱晓青，杨超，黄蝶芳，张成凤，张林，2008，山东新泰野外露头发现下古生界含油碳酸盐岩。地质论评，54（2）：252，277。 吕洪波，任晓辉，许民，欧阳江城，2008，壶
7、穴差异风化或风蚀作用成因质疑。地质论评，54（2）：192198。 Lu Hongbo, Yan Shiyong, and Zhang Yue, 2007, Quaternary glacio-erosional landforms in Laoshan Mountain and their constraints on the origin of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, east of China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 25 (2): 139148. 吕洪波，2007，五大连池世界地质公园中“火山弹”
8、与“喷气锥”景点定名商榷。地质论评，53（3）：383388。 LUHongbo,ZHANGYuxu,ZHANGQiling,XIAOJiafei,2006,Earthquake-relatedtectonicdeformationofsoft sedimentsandtheirconstraintsonthebasinstectonicevolution.ACTAGEOLOGICASINICA(EnglishEdition), 80 (5): 724732. (Sci.收录) 吕洪波，任晓辉，杨超，2006，赤峰等地第四纪大陆冰川的地貌证据。地质论评，52（3）：379385。 吕洪波，章雨
9、旭，张绮玲，肖国望，2006，内蒙古白云鄂博东南黑脑包腮林忽洞群发现地震滑塌岩块。地质论评52（2）：163169。,（第一作者论文续） 吕洪波，杨超，2005，山东新泰青云山发现第四纪大陆冰川遗迹。地质论评，51（5）：608。 吕洪波，章雨旭，肖加飞，2004，贵州贞丰中三叠统关岭组中Chirotherium原始爬行类足迹研究。地质学报，78（4）：468474。 吕洪波，章雨旭，夏邦栋，方中，周伟明，彭阳，吴智平，李伟，2003. 南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造-一类新的沉积构造的归类、命名和构造意义探讨。地质论评。49(5): 449-456.近年来发表的教学研究论文： 吕
10、洪波，2006，在高校低年级实施双语教学的体会。中国石油大学学报（社会科学版），Z1: 127130。 吕洪波，2007，编写地球科学概论双语教材的体会。教育理论与实践，27（2007年全国双语教学研讨会论文集专刊）：190192。 吕洪波，2009，指导大学生创新性实验计划的感受。中国石油大学学报（社会科学版），Z1：139141。出版教材： 吕洪波，2006，An Outline of Earth Sciences（高等学校双语教材）。中国石油大学出版社，东营，367页。（已第二次印刷）,联系方式： 青岛市黄岛区长江西路66号（邮编：266555）。 中国石油大学 地球科学系 Email:
11、 ; ,Rock（岩石）is any naturally formed, consolidated or unconsolidated material (excluding soil) composed of one or more rock-forming minerals（造岩矿物）. In other words, all rocks are composed of minerals.According to the origin, rocks can be classified into three typesigneous rocks（火成岩）, sedimentary rocks
12、（沉积岩）and metamorphic rocks（变质岩）, and their percentages in the crust are as following: Igneous rocks-66% of volume of the crust Sedimentary rocks-8% of volume of the crust Metamorphic rocks-20% of volume of the crust,Chapter 4 Magmatism and Igneous Rocks,Magma is naturally occurring mobile material w
13、ith high temperature, generated within the Earth and capable of intrusion（侵入作用）and extrusion（侵出作用，喷出作用）.Characteristics: High temperature: from 650oC (Si, Al) to 1400oC (Mg, Fe).Complex components:(A). Mainly liquid silicates（液态硅酸盐）(Si, Al, O, Mg, Fe, Ca, K, Na.).(B). Volatile matter（挥发物）: (H2O, CO2
14、, CO, N2, SO.).(C). Solid rock fragments (固态岩屑sometimes).Viscous (thick and sticky) and Mobile（粘滞而且流动）:The viscosity（粘度）depends on the components and the temperature of magma. The higher the silica content, the more viscous and the less mobile the magma is. The higher the temperature, the lower visc
15、osity and the higher mobility the magma has.,Table 4.1 Magma Classifications （岩浆的分类）,Magmatism岩浆作用Magmatism（岩浆作用）is the development, movement, and solidification to igneous rock, of magma. The two major processes are intrusion（侵入作用）and extrusion（侵出作用）or eruption（喷出作用）.Intrusion forms intrusive rocks
16、plutonic rocks（深成岩）that have a depth of more than 3 kilometers from the surface of the Earth and hypabyssal（浅成岩）rocks that have a depth of 1.5 to 3 km.Extrusion or eruption forms extrusive rocks（侵出岩）or volcanic rocks（火山岩）that form on the surface of the Earth.,Eruption and extrusive rocks (volcanic r
17、ocks) 喷出作用与侵出岩（火山岩）Eruption （喷发作用）(Volcanism火山作用) is the ejection（喷射）of volcanic materials onto the surface of the Earth.A volcano（火山）is a vent（通道）in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt（喷发）; It is also, the form or structure, usually conical（圆锥状的）, which i
18、s produced by the ejected materials. A volcano has a cone（火山锥）, a crater（火山口）or craters (calderas破火山口), a vent (or vents火山通道), a neck（火山颈）and a magma chamber（岩浆房）.,http:/library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/erupt.php,Structure of a Volcano,.au/./earth/volcanism.htm,http:/www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stu
19、ff/mars-trip-graphics/volcano-diagram.gif,熔岩,气体，火山灰，熔渣,火山口,岩脉,火山通道,岩床,Chamber 岩浆房,The products of eruption喷发作用的产物The main products of eruption are lava, gases and solid materials.Lava（熔岩）is the magma that has reached the surface of the Earth, or the rock that is solidified from it. When magma erupts
20、 onto surface and lost volatile materials it becomes lava.Gases（气体） are volatile materials such as, H2O, CO2, H2S, SO2, CO, H2, HCl, NH3 etc.Solid materials（固体物质）：are volcanic debris (pyroclasts火山碎屑岩 and tephra火山灰，火山碎屑).,Fig.4.1 Basaltic lava flow found in Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang Province, China (
21、Photo by Hongbo Lu on Sept. 12, 2004),Fig.4.3 The black blocks of obsidian 黒曜岩(volcanic glass火山玻璃) (Adopted from http:/volcanoes.usgs.gov ),Fig.4.4 Pumice specimen from Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang Province, China(Photo by Hongbo Lu on Sept. 17, 2004),浮岩，泡沫岩,Fig.4.5 Reticulite erupted from Kilauea Volc
22、ano, Hawaii (Adopted from http:/volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/reticulite.html ),Reticulite 网状岩,Fig.4.6 A fusiform (spindle) bomb （纺锤形火山弹）(Adopted from http:/www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/bombs.htm ),A volcanic bomb from Dalinoer, Inner Mongolia Photo by Hongbo Lu, 2007,几维鸟（ kiwi）
23、形火山弹,Fig.4.7 Volcanic ash collected in Randle, Washington, USA (left) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) image (right)(Adopted from http:/volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ash.html ),Volcanic ash 火山灰,电子显微镜下的火山灰,Typical composite volcano. http:/pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html,Fig.4.11 The i
24、nternal structure of a typical shield volcano(Adopted from http:/pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html ),Fissure eruption裂隙式喷发,Central eruption中心式喷发,Fig.4.12 Aa lava (left) and pahoehoe lava (right)Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang Province, China (Photos by Hongbo Lu on Sept. 12, 2004),Aa lava 阿丫熔岩,ahoehoe lav
25、a 绳状熔岩,Fig.4.13 Pillow lava forming off Hawaii (left) and accretionary lava ball in Wudalianchi (right)(Left: http:/www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo/explorer/concepts/pillows.html ) (Right: photo by Hongbo Lu, September, 2004),Pillow lava 枕状熔岩,Accretionary lava ball增生熔岩球,Columnar jointing（柱状节理）is a kind
26、 of structure often formed in basaltic flows as a result of contraction during cooling of lava. Columnar jointing is a kind of parallel, prismatic columns, either hexagonal or pentagonal in cross section (sometimes more than 6 or less than 5 columnar faces).,Fig.4.14 Columnar jointing in the Cenozoi
27、c basalt, Changle, Shandong, China (Photo by Hongbo Lu in 2005),Columnar jointing 柱状节理,山东昌乐火山口下玄武岩中发育的柱状节理,(Photo by Hongbo Lu in 2005),Columnar jointing in the Cenozoic basalt, Changle, Shandong, China (Photo by Hongbo Lu in 2005),Columnar jointing found in the Upper Cretaceous sandstone, Darfur Pr
28、ovince, Sudan (Photo by Hongbo Lu, 1995),Lava tubes in Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang Province, China (left) and in Hawaii (right) (Left photo by Hongbo Lu, and the right one adopted from http:/volcanoes.usgs.gov ),Lava tubes 熔岩隧道,Hornito（熔岩丘，熔岩锥）is a small rootless spatter cone（寄生熔岩锥）that forms on the s
29、urface of a basaltic lava flow (usually pahoehoe) is called a hornito. A hornito develops when lava is forced up through an opening in the cooled surface of a flow and then accumulates around the opening. Typically, hornitos are steep sided and form conspicuous（显著的）pinnacles（小尖塔）or stacks（烟囱）(Fig. 4
30、.17). They are rootless because they are fed by lava from the underlying flow instead of coming from a deeper magma conduit（管道）.,A hornito cone atop the surface of the lava flow, Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang, China (Leftside view; righttop view. Photos by Hongbo Lu on Sept. 12, 2004),Hornito 熔岩丘,Fumaro
31、le 喷气孔 (http:/volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/fumarole.html )Fumaroles（喷气孔）are vents from which volcanic gas escapes into the atmosphere (Fig. 4.18). Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of p
32、yroclastic flows. They may persist for decades or centuries if they are above a persistent heat source or disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools.,Fig. 4.18 Close view of a fumarole on Kilauea Volcano: Elemental sulfur vapor escaping from the f
33、umarole has cooled to form yellow-colored crystals around its margins (Photo by R.L. Christiansenon）,Distribution of active volcanoes in the world世界活火山的分布More than 500 active volcanoes are distributed along the following four belts:Peri-Pacific-Ocean belt (fire ring): at subduction zone between cont
34、inents and the ocean.Oceanic ridges: at divergent zone in oceans.MediterraneanIndonesian belt: collision belt between continents.Red SeaEast African Rift: divergent zone in the continent.,Fig.4.19 A world map showing plate boundaries (blue lines), the distribution of recent earthquakes (yellow dots)
35、 and active volcanoes (red triangles). (Adopted from http:/www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Volcano_tectonic.html ),Intrusion（侵入作用）is the process of emplacement of magma in preexisting rock, forming igneous rock mass within surrounding rock. The igneous rock formed this way is called intrusiv
36、e rock（侵入岩）and the surrounding rock hosting the intrusive body（侵入体）is called country rock（围岩）.,http:/artsandscience.concordia.ca/GEOG/course_notes/civi231/igneous_rock.htm,Intrusion and intrusive rocks 侵入作用与侵入岩,Assimilation同化作用 and hybridization混染作用,A magma rising through the crust may assimilate（同化
37、，吸收）country rock material as it passes from its source area to its site of crystallization. The assimilated material will change (contaminate) the chemical signature of the magma, resulting in a new liquid, which when solidified will be distinctly different from the original, uncontaminated magma.,A
38、 sketch diagram showing xenolith and roof pendant in relation to intrusive body and country rock (1country rock; 2intrusive body; 3xenolith; 4roof pendant),Table 4.3 Bowens Reaction Series （鲍温反应序列）,Bowens Reaction Series,Texture and structure of igneous rocks 火成岩的结构构造Texture（结构）and structure（构造）can
39、be understood in the laboratory when we examine rock samples. Texture often refers to the minerals crystallization and grain size of an igneous rock, while structure indicates the form of mineral assemblage of an igneous rock.Aphanitic（隐晶质的）minerals are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. The
40、se rocks must be studied with the microscope or by geochemical（地球化学的）methods. Volcanic rocks (extrusive) are at least partially aphanitic due to rapid cooling. Glassy lava cools so rapidly that the crystals dont have time to grow (unordered atomic arrangement) Example: obsidian.Phaneritic（显晶质的）miner
41、al grains can be seen with the unaided eye. Plutonic (intrusive) rocks are totally phaneritic due to slow rates of cooling. Pegmatite（伟晶花岗岩）is a kind of very coarse-grained rocks which crystallize from water-rich magmas. The water in these magmas lowers the viscosity and allows excessive ion migrati
42、on and crystallization.Porphyritic texture（斑状结构）shows two distinct crystal sizes (can be either porphyritic or aphanitic). Larger crystals (phenocrysts斑晶) are surrounded by finer-grained crystals or glass (groundmass基质). This texture records two distinct cooling histories.,Andesite line（安山岩线）: Along
43、 the Andes there are andesites (extrusive rocks); at the side of land there are intermediate and acidic rocks, while at the sea side there are basaltic rocks. So geologists call this line Andesite line.Geothermal gradient（地温梯度）is the rate of increase of temperature in the Earth with depth. In the crust it is about 3oC/100m, but the rate decreases with the depth below the surface of the Earth.,Table 4.4 Major igneous rocks （主要的火成岩）,建筑装饰材料-环斑花岗岩 Rapakivi Granite,石英,钾长石斑晶,
