《2020托福写作需了解的10个核心准则.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2020托福写作需了解的10个核心准则.doc（19页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、2020托福写作需了解的10个核心准则 托福写作一直都是中国考生的弱项，其实在托福写作中很多考察点同学们没有意识到，下面就和大家分享托福写作需了解的10个核心准则。希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。托福写作需了解的10个核心准则Elementary principles of composition1. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic不同的段落构成*，每个段落仅传递一个观点2. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence
2、; end it in conformity with the beginning规则：每个段落均以主题句开头，并且首尾呼应。A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;主题句前置B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;段落围绕主题句展开，后面的句子对主题句进行展开解释C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought o
3、f the topic sentence or states some important consequence.末尾句或者对主题句进行强调，或者阐述主题句带来的结果。3. Use the active voice主动句永远比被动句直接有力Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生动)Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.= F
4、ailing health compelled him to leave college. (简洁有力)Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.= He soon repented his words. (简洁有力)4. Put statements in positive form以肯定的形式表达否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫无色彩，犹豫不决和含糊其辞的语言。Eg：He was not very often on time.= He usually came late.Eg: He d
5、id not think that studying Latin was much use.= He thought the study of Latin useless.Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeares works.= The
6、 women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.5. Omit needless words删除冗词Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessa
7、ry lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.有力的写作一定简洁。Owing to the fact that=Since (because)In spite of the fact that=Though (although)Call yo
8、ur attention to the fact that=Remind you (notify you)The fact that he had not succeeded=His failure6. Avoid a succession of loose sentences别写流水账，找找语言的逻辑关系，通过who, which, when, where, and while 这些词把句子串起来。7. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar formParallel structure 平行结构讲究对称美：内容对等，结构一致。Eg: Formerly, s
9、cience was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.8. Keep related words together词的位置决定词的关系，所以遵循物以类聚，意思关联紧密的词放在一块。A: 主谓之间不分割，补充信息需前置Eg: Wordsworth, in
10、 the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (状语前置，主谓毗邻)B：关系代词紧随先行词出现Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名词look
11、先行，关系词that紧随)9. In summaries, keep to one tense总结通常使用现在时态，如果使用过去时，请保持时态一致。10. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end欲擒故纵的圆周句(periodic sentence)中，强调信息后置。Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service
12、of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselv
13、es unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.托福写作：题库范文附思路解析1. Should universities finance students sports activities equally as libraries? Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their stu
14、dents sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.分析不能完全同意。same是一件做不到的事情。普通大学，应该或更多的钱在图书馆上 体育专科大学，当然应该花更多的钱在体育设施上资金分配的重要原则：产出应该大于投入大学的办学原则：要better brains;也要better bodies.相关题目：Related Topics: 147. Some relevant issues about p
15、ublic investments: 1) investment vs. profit; 2)immediate needs vs. long-term benefits; 3) profit-making organization vs. nonprofit-making organization. Topicsabout money allocation: 11. 19. 56. 95. 100. 167. personal attitudes of money: 32. 33. 48. 53. 131. 173. 177.185.资金分配问题：资金的有效运用(efficiency of
16、money allocation)的重要体现是投入产出比(input-output ratio)。即便是nonprofit-making organization也要保证资金的投入产出的平衡(balance of input and output)。范文The main responsibility of a university is to develop a students academic ability. While physical health is an important prerequisite for mental health and academic achievem
17、ent, sports should play a comparatively small role in college students lives. Since a students main activity outside of the classroom is studying, occupying from four to eight hours of their day, a peaceful studying environment plays an important role in a students academic development. College dorm
18、 rooms can have up to eight students sleeping in one small room and are not good environments for students to study in. To provide excellent studying environments for their students, universities must build large librariesdesigned to accommodate students as well as books. Since sports should occupy
19、a much smaller part of the students time, perhaps only an hour a day, sports facilities need not be as extensive or well-equipped as libraries. In addition to the costs of building adequate library faculties, a university must also pay every year to keep its collection well organized and up-to-date.
20、 The goal of every university library should be to have the most current books and materials its students need in order to study and do cutting edge research. The larger the student body, the more comprehensive a librarys collection must be. A well-trained staff must also care for the materials and
21、help the students. Continuing costs for sports, on the other hand, are relatively low, requiring only a few part-time staff and maintenance routines. For the most part, students are happy to organize their own sporting events and exercise routines quite independently of the school. Although a studen
22、ts health is critical to their academic success, the investment that a school needs to make to ensure a physically fit student body is relatively small. Considering that the main mission of the school is to develop a students mind and not their body, the school should put more of its resources into
23、its libraries and not its sports activities.2. Why people visit museums?Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.分析精彩内容第二页继续.个人偏好，或者习惯，比如喜爱历史。可以短时间内了解一个地方的历史、文化。85提提供了一个线索：因为他只有一天的时间!可以看到
24、珍贵的艺术、文化、历史、科学等收藏。著名的博物馆周边，由于游客众多，一般也会有很多其他值得参观的地方，也会有很好吃的餐馆。另外，也有些人去博物馆，没有什么特别的理由。别人都去，于是他也去了1、42 。范文People travel to new places for many different reasons. One of the most common reasons is to see a new place, culture, or way of life. For a total outsider with only a short amount of time, museums
25、offer a glimpse into these ways of life through specially designed education, cultural insights, and entertainment.People come to museums to learn about the world. The educational experience in a museum is quite different than that of reading or studying. In a museum, learning experiences are direct
26、 and thrilling. Reading books about primitive history might seem boring, but seeing the huge skeleton of a terrifying dinosaur in person is a thrilling experience. Reading history books about the Nanjing Massacre are horrifying, sad, and yet abstract, but a trip to the Memorial Museum in Nanjing is
27、an experience that has moved many students to tears. Museums can make otherwise distant and mundane educational experiences come to life. The museums of a place tell an outsider much about what the people of that place value culturally. A trip to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art would tell th
28、e visitor that Americans are interested in art from all over the world, but by comparing the size of the European Art collection with that of the Asian Art collection, one might conclude that Americans feel a strong cultural affinity with European Art. Similarly, a tourist to a place like San Franci
29、sco, where there is a large museum devoted solely to Asian Art, might conclude that people from San Francisco have a stronger affinity to Asian culture.Meanwhile, many people who travel simply want to relax and be entertained, and museums also provide an excellent venue for leisure. Even most nomina
30、lly educational museums provide exciting attractions like movie theaters and special cultural performances such as dances, gourmet dinners, lectures, and musical performances from jazz to rock and roll. Many museums in the United States hold special nights once a week where young people can drink an
31、d socialize. Museums are not only spaces for education and culture, but have also become important entertainment and social venues.3. Eat at home or out?Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food athome. Which do you prefer? Use specific reas
32、ons and examples to support your answer.分析不要急于作出选择，先进行比较，然后根据情况选择去餐馆或者吃快餐的优缺点：方便、快捷、多种口味;昂贵、卫生可能得不到保障、快餐使人发胖3在家吃饭的优缺点：干净、可以做出自己喜欢的口味、节省、与家人和朋友共同准备食物很开心;花费时间、可能做的没有餐馆那么好吃;在不同的情况下会有不同的选择。周末休息应该跟家人在家里吃饭。与老朋友久别重逢应该找一家安静的餐馆相关题目：3范文After a hard day of work or study, many people feel like cooking for thems
33、elves is too much trouble. They prefer to grab a quick bite to eat at a restaurant and go home for rest as quickly as possible. But for me cooking at home is worth the time and trouble because it is cheaper, healthier, and more enjoyable.Buying my own groceries and cooking for myself is much less ex
34、pensive than eating in a restaurant. I find that a meal that I cook myself on average costs half to two-thirds less than a comparable meal in a restaurant.Restaurants have to rent space, hire chefs, waiters, and managers, as well as buy food and make a profit. When I cook I have no overhead. The onl
35、y extra expense I have to pay is the time it takes for me to cook the food.In addition to being less expensive, when I buy my own groceries I can be sure I am buying the freshest and cleanest meats and vegetables available. Restaurants might think its more important to buy the cheapest food possible
36、 in large quantities to make a higher profit. I also try and buy the healthiest food possible. For instance, when I buy meat, I try and buy the meat with the least fat on it. In a restaurant they add more fat and oil to dishes to make them taste better, but for me, health is more important.Finally,
37、cooking food with my friends and family brings me a special kind of joy. In a world that has increasingly focused on turning everyone into consumers, I enjoy being creative and producing something good. I enjoy learning and inventing new recipes and sharing them with friends. Even though it takes mo
38、re time to shop, cook, and clean up when I cook for myself, at the end I have a sense that I did not waste the time so much as I truly enjoyed life for an hour at the end of the day.4. Attending classes: required or optional?Some people believe that university students should be required to attend c
39、lasses. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.分析不要急于选择哪一个观点。因为两个观点都有些片面。尽量多地列举两种观点的优缺点，然后进行比较，最终选择一个立场。上课的好处 17自学的好处17在培养大.学.生.时，是否应该以培养学生的自主能力为主?如果强制所有的学生去上课，是否真的会提高所有学生的学习
40、效率?有些学生可能在某些课堂上得不到有效的帮助。如果允许所有的学生都可以自由选课，是否会有些学生失去目标?有没有这种的办法?比如：选修课(optional course)/必修课(compulsory course)的设置相关题目：17;137范文The most important responsibility of college students is to pursue their course of study to the best of their ability. In most cases, this would mean attending every class. In
41、reality, however, not every student is the same,and not every class is the same. If a student can study more effectively in another way, then that student should be allowed to pursue his/her studies to the best of his/her abilities, and not be required to attend classes that are not helpful to him/h
42、er.Some students find it difficult to concentrate in large lecture classes and find reading quietly a more effective way of studying. If a student can achieve more by reading in the library and meeting with a professor during office hours than students who attend every class, he/she should not be pr
43、evented from studying in the most effective way for him/her.The most important measures of a college students academic progress are tests. In the weeks before exams, college students need to arrange their own schedules becomes critical. For instance, if a student is very good at math but very poor a
44、t English, it might make more sense for that student to skip math class and spend the extra time preparing for an English test. If students are required to attend classes whose content they are already familiar with, at best they will be bored by redundant material, at worst they will fail tests in
45、subjects they are less proficient in.The argument might be made that it is the schools responsibility to organize its curriculum so that students are always challenged and therefore truly need to be at every class. I contend that it is impossible to tailor an entire schools curriculum to the individ
46、ual needs of every single student. The best that can be hoped for is a well thought out curriculum with enough flexibility to handle the differences between individual students. Schools should trust the students to make choices that are in their own best interests, and use testing as the final arbit
47、er of academic excellence.5. What makes a good neighbor?Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor?Use specific details and examples in your answer.分析共有8道题问及各种人的qualities或者characteristics。103提供了最好的答案：intelligence; honesty; a sense ofhumor。这些
48、都是所有的人都应具备的基本优点。类似的还有optimistic and positive; politeness; loyalty;perseverance; justice等等。46要求回答Have these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture?而以上提到的各个特征都是remained unchanged in any culture, and any period of time的相对容易回答(只需要说从来就没有变过就可以了)。相关题目：18、22、46、62、93、103、179。另外，174题的作文中(这一代人与上一代人有什么不同?)可以用
