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1、外文文献原文On the deployment of VoIP in Ethernet networks: methodology and case studyAbstractDeploying IP telephony or voice over IP (VoIP) is a major and challenging task for data network researchers and designers. This paper outlines guidelines and a step-by-step methodology on how VoIP can be deployed
2、 successfully. The methodology can be used to assess the support and readiness of an existing network. Prior to the purchase and deployment of VoIP equipment, the methodology predicts the number of VoIP calls that can be sustained by an existing network while satisfying QoS requirements of all netwo
3、rk services and leaving adequate capacity for future growth. As a case study, we apply the methodology steps on a typical network of a small enterprise. We utilize both analysis and simulation to investigate throughput and delay bounds. Our analysis is based on queuing theory, and OPNET is used for
4、simulation. Results obtained from analysis and simulation are in line and give a close match. In addition, the paper discusses many design and engineering issues. These issues include characteristics of VoIP traffic and QoS requirements, VoIP flow and call distribution, defining future growth capaci
5、ty, and measurement and impact of background traffic. Keywords: Network Design，Network Management，VoIP，Performance Evaluation，Analysis，Simulation，OPNET 1 IntroductionThese days a massive deployment of VoIP is taking place over data networks. Most of these networks are Ethernet based and running IP p
6、rotocol. Many network managers are finding it very attractive and cost effective to merge and unify voice and data networks into one. It is easier to run, manage, and maintain. However, one has to keep in mind that IP networks are best-effort networks that were designed for non-real time application
7、s. On the other hand, VoIP requires timely packet delivery with low latency, jitter, packet loss, and sufficient bandwidth. To achieve this goal, an efficient deployment of VoIP must ensure these real-time traffic requirements can be guaranteed over new or existing IP networks. When deploying a new
8、network service such as VoIP over existing network, many network architects, managers, planners, designers, and engineers are faced with common strategic, and sometimes challenging, questions. What are the QoS requirements for VoIP? How will the new VoIP load impact the QoS for currently running net
9、work services and applications? Will my existing network support VoIP and satisfy the standardized QoS requirements? If so, how many VoIP calls can the network support before upgrading prematurely any part of the existing network hardware? These challenging questions have led to the development of s
10、ome commercial tools for testing the performance of multimedia applications in data networks. A list of the available commercial tools that support VoIP is listed in 1,2. For the most part, these tools use two common approaches in assessing the deployment of VoIP into the existing network. One appro
11、ach is based on first performing network measurements and then predicting the network readiness for supporting VoIP. The prediction of the network readiness is based on assessing the health of network elements. The second approach is based on injecting real VoIP traffic into existing network and mea
12、suring the resulting delay, jitter, and loss. Other than the cost associated with the commercial tools, none of the commercial tools offer a comprehensive approach for successful VoIP deployment. In particular, none gives any prediction for the total number of calls that can be supported by the netw
13、ork taking into account important design and engineering factors. These factors include VoIP flow and call distribution, future growth capacity, performance thresholds, impact of VoIP on existing network services and applications, and impact background traffic on VoIP. This paper attempts to address
14、 those important factors and layout a comprehensive methodology for a successful deployment of any multimedia application such as VoIP and video conferencing. However, the paper focuses on VoIP as the new service of interest to be deployed. The paper also contains many useful engineering and design
15、guidelines, and discusses many practical issues pertaining to the deployment of VoIP. These issues include characteristics of VoIP traffic and QoS requirements, VoIP flow and call distribution, defining future growth capacity, and measurement and impact of background traffic. As a case study, we ill
16、ustrate how our approach and guidelines can be applied to a typical network of a small enterprise. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a typical network topology of a small enterprise to be used as a case study for deploying VoIP. Section 3 outlines practical eight-step
17、 methodology to deploy successfully VoIP in data networks. Each step is described in considerable detail. Section 4 describes important design and engineering decisions to be made based on the analytic and simulation studies. Section 5 concludes the study and identifies future work.2 Existing networ
18、kFig. 1 illustrates a typical network topology for a small enterprise residing in a high-rise building. The network shown is realistic and used as a case study only; however, our work presented in this paper can be adopted easily for larger and general networks by following the same principles, guid
19、elines, and concepts laid out in this paper. The network is Ethernet-based and has two Layer-2 Ethernet switches connected by a router. The router is Cisco 2621, and the switches are 3Com Superstack 3300. Switch 1 connects Floors 1 and 2 and two servers; while Switch 2 connects Floor 3 and four serv
20、ers. Each floor LAN is basically a shared Ethernet connecting employee PCs with workgroup and printer servers. The network makes use of VLANs in order to isolate broadcast and multicast traffic. A total of five LANs exist. All VLANs are port based. Switch 1 is configured such that it has three VLANs
21、. VLAN1 includes the database and file servers. VLAN2 includes Floor 1. VLAN3 includes Floor2. On the other hand, Switch 2 is configured to have two VLANs. VLAN4 includes the servers for E-mail, HTTP, Web and cache proxy, and firewall. VLAN5 includes Floor 3. All the links are switched Ethernet 100
22、Mbps full duplex except for the links for Floors 13 which are shared Ethernet 100 Mbps half duplex.3 Step-by-step methodologyFig. 2 shows a flowchart of a methodology of eight steps for a successful VoIP deployment. The first four steps are independent and can be performed in parallel. Before embark
23、ing on the analysis and simulation study, in Steps 6 and 7, Step 5 must be carried out which requires any early and necessary redimensioning or modifications to the existing network. As shown, both Steps 6 and 7 can be done in parallel. The final step is pilot deployment.3.1. VoIP traffic characteri
24、stics, requirements, and assumptions For introducing a new network service such as VoIP, one has to characterize first the nature of its traffic, QoS requirements, and any additional components or devices. For simplicity, we assume a point-to-point conversation for all VoIP calls with no call confer
25、encing. For deploying VoIP, a gatekeeper or Call Manager node has to be added to the network 3,4,5. The gatekeeper node handles signaling for establishing, terminating, and authorizing connections of all VoIP calls. Also a VoIP gateway is required to handle external calls. A VoIP gateway is responsi
26、ble for converting VoIP calls to/from the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). As an engineering and design issue, the placement of these nodes in the network becomes crucial. We will tackle this issue in design step 5. Other hardware requirements include a VoIP client terminal, which can be a
27、separate VoIP device, i.e. IP phones, or a typical PC or workstation that is VoIP-enabled. A VoIP-enabled workstation runs VoIP software such as IP Soft Phones .Fig. 3 identifies the end-to-end VoIP components from sender to receiver 9. The first component is the encoder which periodically samples t
28、he original voice signal and assigns a fixed number of bits to each sample, creating a constant bit rate stream. The traditional sample-based encoder G.711 uses Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to generate 8-bit samples every 0.125 ms, leading to a data rate of 64 kbps . The packetizer follows the encode
29、r and encapsulates a certain number of speech samples into packets and adds the RTP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet headers. The voice packets travel through the data network. An important component at the receiving end, is the playback buffer whose purpose is to absorb variations or jitter in delay and prov
30、ide a smooth playout. Then packets are delivered to the depacketizer and eventually to the decoder which reconstructs the original voice signal. We will follow the widely adopted recommendations of H.323, G.711, and G.714 standards for VoIP QoS requirements. Table 1 compares some commonly used ITU-T
31、 standard codecs and the amount of one-way delay that they impose. To account for upper limits and to meet desirable quality requirement according to ITU recommendation P.800, we will adopt G.711u codec standards for the required delay and bandwidth. G.711u yields around 4.4 MOS rating. MOS, Mean Op
32、inion Score, is a commonly used VoIP performance metric given in a scale of 15, with 5 is the best. However, with little compromise to quality, it is possible to implement different ITU-T codecs that yield much less required bandwidth per call and relatively a bit higher, but acceptable, end-to-end
33、delay. This can be accomplished by applying compression, silence suppression, packet loss concealment, queue management techniques, and encapsulating more than one voice packet into a single Ethernet frame.3.1.1. End-to-end delay for a single voice packet Fig. 3 illustrates the sources of delay for
34、a typical voice packet. The end-to-end delay is sometimes referred to by M2E or Mouth-to-Ear delay. G.714 imposes a maximum total one-way packet delay of 150 ms end-to-end for VoIP applications . In 22, a delay of up to 200 ms was considered to be acceptable. We can break this delay down into at lea
35、st three different contributing components, which are as follows (i) encoding, compression, and packetization delay at the sender (ii) propagation, transmission and queuing delay in the network and (iii) buffering, decompression, depacketization, decoding, and playback delay at the receiver. 3.1.2.
36、Bandwidth for a single callThe required bandwidth for a single call, one direction, is 64 kbps. G.711 codec samples 20 ms of voice per packet. Therefore, 50 such packets need to be transmitted per second. Each packet contains 160 voice samples in order to give 8000 samples per second. Each packet is
37、 sent in one Ethernet frame. With every packet of size 160 bytes, headers of additional protocol layers are added. These headers include RTP+UDP+IP+Ethernet with preamble of sizes 12+8+20+26, respectively. Therefore, a total of 226 bytes, or 1808 bits, needs to be transmitted 50 times per second, or
38、 90.4 kbps, in one direction. For both directions, the required bandwidth for a single call is 100 pps or 180.8 kbps assuming a symmetric flow.3.1.3. Other assumptionsThroughout our analysis and work, we assume voice calls are symmetric and no voice conferencing is implemented. We also ignore the si
39、gnaling traffic generated by the gatekeeper. We base our analysis and design on the worst-case scenario for VoIP call traffic. The signaling traffic involving the gatekeeper is mostly generated prior to the establishment of the voice call and when the call is finished. This traffic is relatively sma
40、ll compared to the actual voice call traffic. In general, the gatekeeper generates no or very limited signaling traffic throughout the duration of the VoIP call for an already established on-going call. In this paper, we will implement no QoS mechanisms that can enhance the quality of packet deliver
41、y in IP networks. A myriad of QoS standards are available and can be enabled for network elements. QoS standards may include IEEE 802.1p/Q, the IETFs RSVP, and DiffServ. Analysis of implementation cost, complexity, management, and benefit must be weighed carefully before adopting such QoS standards.
42、 These standards can be recommended when the cost for upgrading some network elements is high and the network resources are scarce and heavily loaded.3.2. VoIP traffic flow and call distributionKnowing the current telephone call usage or volume of the enterprise is an important step for a successful
43、 VoIP deployment. Before embarking on further analysis or planning phases for a VoIP deployment, collecting statistics about of the present call volume and profiles is essential. Sources of such information are organizations PBX, telephone records and bills. Key characteristics of existing calls can
44、 include the number of calls, number of concurrent calls, time, duration, etc. It is important to determine the locations of the call endpoints, i.e. the sources and destinations, as well as their corresponding path or flow. This will aid in identifying the call distribution and the calls made inter
45、nally or externally. Call distribution must include percentage of calls within and outside of a floor, building, department, or organization. As a good capacity planning measure, it is recommended to base the VoIP call distribution on the busy hour traffic of phone calls for the busiest day of a wee
46、k or a month. This will ensure support of the calls at all times with high QoS for all VoIP calls. When such current statistics are combined with the projected extra calls, we can predict the worst-case VoIP traffic load to be introduced to the existing network. Fig. 4 describes the call distributio
47、n for the enterprise under study based on the worst busy hour and the projected future growth of VoIP calls. In the figure, the call distribution is described as a probability tree. It is also possible to describe it as a probability matrix. Some important observations can be made about the voice tr
48、affic flow for inter-floor and external calls. For all these type of calls, the voice traffic has to be always routed through the router. This is so because Switchs 1 and 2 are layer 2 switches with VLANs configuration. One can observe that the traffic flow for inter-floor calls between Floors 1 and
49、 2 imposes twice the load on Switch 1, as the traffic has to pass through the switch to the router and back to the switch again. Similarly, Switch 2 experiences twice the load for external calls from/to Floor 3.3.3. Define performance thresholds and growth capacity In this step, we define the network performance thresholds or operational points for a number of important key network elements. These thresholds are to be considered when deploying the new service. The benefit is twofo
