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1、中西方文化起源及历史发展,Chinese and western culture origin and historical development,Class Two郑婷玉,引言 Introduce,我们站在历史长河边展望未来。我们的国家有着五千年的厚重历史，这让身为中国人的我们无比自豪。但在我们缓速发展的同时，在地球的另一端，另一个文明飞速发展着。今天，我们就来讨论一下中西方文化起源及历史发展。,We are standing on the shore of the historical river and looking into the future. Our country has
2、five thousand years history, and we are proud of it. However, during our develop slowly, on the other side of the earth, another civilization develop rapidly. Today, lets discuss about the origin of Chinese and western culture and history development.,目录 Manu,一.原始时期二.文明起源三.历史发展五.近现代发展分歧节点六.反思及结论,原始时
3、期,起源 China,在我国神话中，人类第一次出现在女娲造人。但科学家研究表明，人类是由古猿，也就是原始人经历了上百万年进化而来的。在距今180万20万年 的大陆上，生活着我们的祖先 直立人。此后，我们的祖先不断进化，与其他种类的原始人进行融合繁衍，形成了早期部落。最为著名的是山顶洞人，元谋人以及北京人。,In Chinese mythology, the human first appeared in “Nuwa created man. However, scientists research shows that human is by apes, namely the primitiv
4、e evolved through millions of years. In 1.8 million 1.8 million years ago on the mainland, the life of our ancestors, homo erectus. Since then, our ancestors evolved, integration with other types of the primitive, formed the early tribe. The most famous is cavemen, man, and from Beijing.,起源west,在我们祖
5、先奋力生存进化时，地球的另一端的原始人走向了另一条进化的路线，他们就是尼人，也就是尼安德特人。他们是现代欧洲人祖先的近亲，在距今12万年前统治着欧洲，但在两万四千年前他们却消失了。他们有着较为完整的文化而且会使用道具进行狩猎。他们消失后，他的近亲，也就是欧洲人类的祖先智人，开始飞速进化。,When our ancestors struggled to survive the evolution, on the other side of the earth of the primitive to another evolution route, they are people, also is
6、 the Neanderthals. They are Cousins of the ancestors of modern Europe, in ruled Europe about 120000 years ago, but in twenty-four thousand before they disappear. They have relatively complete culture and will use props for hunting. After they disappeared, his relatives, the European society of human
7、 ancestors, homo sapiens, began to rapid evolution.,随着人类进化，人类文明也随之发展，但由于地形，气候，人种的各方面差异，人类文明也显示出鲜明的不同，欧洲地形平坦多岛屿，气候湿润，逐渐出现爱琴海文明；而亚洲多内陆，地域广阔，多河流，形成了独特的大河文明，其中最具有代表性的就是恒河文明以及黄河文明。,As human evolution, also with the development of human civilization, but because of the terrain, climate, the difference of
8、various aspects, human civilization also shows a sharp, flat terrain more European island, humid climate, appear the Aegean civilization gradually; While the Asian inland, vast territory, many rivers, formed the unique river civilization, one of the most representative is the Ganges river and the Ye
9、llow River civilization.,文明起源,中国古代文明起源的过程，乃是一个由多元连接成的相互作用圈逐步演变为以黄河流域和长江流域为主体、并以中原为核心的多元一体格局。,中华文明源于黄河流域，是典型的大陆文明，重农耕、轻商贸，中国秦汉时期经历了相当长时期的统一、稳定，以及统治阶级不遗余力的中央集权和大力推广儒教等维稳政策，导致广大华夏子民对汉民族、对天下一统的认同感根深蒂固。一个大一统的文明，和一个自然发展的地区自治的文明圈的发展轨迹自然是大有不同的。 The Chinese civilization originated from the Yellow River basin
10、, is a typical continental civilization, agriculture, commerce, and the unity of the qin and han dynasties in China has experienced a long period, stable, and the ruling class to centralization and promoting Confucianism stabilisation policy, to the masses of the Chinese people of han nationality, t
11、he identity of the world series. A unified civilization, and a natural development of the regional autonomy of civilization circle trajectory nature is different.,黄河文明的形成期大体在公元前4000年至公元前2000年之间，前后经历了两千年之久。黄河文明的发展期是它的升华阶段。从时代来说主要是夏、商、周三代。这时的黄河文明主要凝聚在黄河中下游的大中原地区，以今天的河南省为核心，大中原地区文化即中原文化是黄河文明的中心。,The fo
12、rmation of the Yellow River civilization in general between 4000 BC to 4000 BC, has experienced two thousand years before and after. The development of the Yellow River civilization is the sublimation stage. From age for main is three generation of xia, shang and zhou. At this time of the Yellow Riv
13、er civilization mainly condensation in large, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the central plains in todays henan province as the core, the central plains culture is the culture is the center of the Yellow River civilization.,成就,铜器的出现和使用是人类史上有决定意义的大事之一，有了铜器，人类才真正进入了文明的殿堂。中国夏商青铜文化就是早期文
14、明的代表，这些锈蚀斑驳的铜器，穿越4000多年的风云向后人展示远古的荣光。 The appearance of bronze and use is one of the events in the history of mankind have decisive, with copper, human truly into the palace of the civilization. Xia shang bronze culture in China is the representative of the early civilizations, these bronze corrosio
15、n mottled, through 4000 years of wind and cloud show posterity ancient glory.,成就,1928年对安阳小屯殷文化遗地的发掘，那些青铜器、玉器、牙雕骨器和贝币，向人们展示了三千年前一座繁华的古城，她的文明程度在当时应为世界之冠。甲骨文的发现，更让这繁华成为有文字史可证的往昔的真实。我们可以想象盘庚迁都的坚毅；武丁三年不语，一鸣惊人，促成商朝中兴的伟业；武丁之子祖庚为祭祀母亲而铸就的“司母戊大方鼎”，那乌亮的光泽永久地闪现着古代先民智慧与技巧的灵气；武丁的妻子妇好率千军征万里，驰骋沙场，开拓疆土。 In 1928 of a
16、nyang xiaotun Yin of the cultural heritage, the bronze ware, jade,.chinese bone artifacts and bei, showed a bustling city three thousand years ago, her civilization at that time should be the champions of the world. The discovery of the oracle, more let the busy into a text that would become the pas
17、t. We can imagine PanGeng moved the consistency; The scripts for three years not language, blockbuster, contribute to shang dynasty zte achievements; The scripts, son of the king zu geng for fete mother cast SiMuWu big square, the raven luster permanently with her ancient ancestors wisdom and skills
18、 of reiki; Overcome the scripts, the wife of fu hao rate levied thousands of miles, galloping battlefield, pioneering territory.,欧洲地区的文明主要发源于地中海，从最早的克里特岛，到希腊再到罗马，都是重商贸的海洋型文明。Civilization mainly in Europe, originated in the Mediterranean, from the earliest of Crete, Greece and Rome, are heavy commerc
19、ial type Marine civilization.,爱琴文明是希腊及爱琴地区史前文明的总称。它曾被称为“迈锡尼文明”，因为这一文明的存在被海因里希施里曼对迈锡尼始于1876年的发掘而进入人们的视野。然而，后续的发现证明迈锡尼在爱琴文明的早期（甚至任何时期）并不占中心的地位，因而后来更多地使用更为一般的地理名称来命名这个文明。,艺术,爱琴艺术与其他史前时期和地域的艺术风格不尽相同。的确，它借鉴了其它同时代的艺术，特别是在它的后期阶段，但是这种借鉴通过爱琴匠人的双手，烙上了鲜明而独创的特点，即现实主义的风格。而从这点上来说，他们的确是希腊艺术的先行者。克里特的壁画艺术、陶器主题、浮雕、独立
20、雕塑以及金属浮雕工艺都提供了实例，能够进一步加深希腊大陆上（如迈锡尼、瓦斐奥、梯林斯等）已经发掘的金饰和绘画作品所给我们留下的这一印象。,建筑,爱琴地区的宫殿有两种布置：一种（可能也是较早的）形式是所有的房间围绕着一个中心方形院落设置，互相之间以迷宫般复杂的通路连接，而这个更大的方形是从长边进入，以许多立柱纵向切分。而第二种中，主要的房间为所谓正殿（“megaron”）形式。它独立存在，同其余部分用走廊隔开，可以从短边的一个门厅进入。它有一个中央的壁炉，由立柱环绕，并可能可以直接通向天空；不存在中央院落，其余的居室组合成不同的独立区间。这种双重结构的形成可能有地理上的原因。虽然许多埃及、巴比伦
21、以及赫梯宫殿被发掘，还没有其他地区现存的遗迹显示出爱琴地区拥有的这些结构。,当今这里所称的“爱琴地区”已经扩大到了包括克里特和塞浦路斯在内的爱琴海群岛、希腊半岛以及爱奥尼亚诸岛以及西安那托利亚。仍需要证据来加入马其顿和色雷斯海岸。它的分支可以延伸到西地中海地区，西西里、意大利、撒丁那以及西班牙，以及东地中海地区，包括叙利亚和埃及。而对于昔兰尼卡地区还需更多的了解。,Here today, the term Aegean region has been expanded to include the Aegean islands, Crete, and Cyprus, Greek peninsu
22、la and the Ionian islands and xi an the Anatolia. Still need evidence to join Macedonia and Thrace coast. Its branches can be extended to the western Mediterranean region, Sicily, Italy, Sardinia and that Spain, and the eastern Mediterranean region, including Syria and Egypt. For yesterday monica area still need to learn more about.,历史发展,近现代发展分歧节点,古罗马,元朝,工业革命,清朝,鸦片战争,思想与文化冲突,现代中国文化与西方文化的交融,
