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1、Understanding Words through Contextual Clues,Lecture 3,Motivation,Question: When you encounter a new word in reading, what do you usually do?1. Look it up in the dictionary;2. Guess its meaning according to its formation;3. Guess its meaning according to its contexts.,Motivation,Question:How many wa
2、ys do you use to guess the meanings of new words through contextual clues?,Contents,I. DefinitionII. RestatementIII. Related InformationIV. ExamplesV. ComparisonVI. ContrastVII. General KnowledgeVIII. Cause-effect RelationIX. And & Or,Teaching Objectives,After learning this lecture, students will be
3、 able to:get familiar with various contextual clues, and develop an ability to guess the meanings of new words in the future reading process.,I. Definition,Markers: 1. 下定义：be, mean, refer to, define, deal with, be considered, be called, be known as, represent, signify, constitute, etc.2. 同位语；标点符号；定语
4、从句；同义词/近义词。,I. Definition,1. Anthropology means the scientific study of man.2. Arteriosclerosis is the narrowing and hardening of the arteries that carry blood to the heart.3. Kleptomania is considered to be an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.,I. Definition,4. Etymology r
5、efers to a branch of language dealing with word origins, and ought to be viewed as one way to help children expand their vocabulary.5. A person or thing beyond comparison, a model of excellence, is known as a paragon. 6. The harbor is protected by a jetty - a wall built out into the water.,I. Defini
6、tion,7. Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind) normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet) day, but not necessarily in the summer.,II. Restatement,The 2nd sentence serves as the repetition of the 1st one. Markers: in other words; to put it another way; that is to say; or; that is; i.e.; to b
7、e precise1. He had a wan look. He was so weak and pale that we all thought that he was ill.2. I am a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I will not give it up.,II. Restatement,3. It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is , it will break easily.4. Before the main business of a conference be
8、gins, the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.,III. Related Information,1. He was now angry Once again he flew into a rage.2. After spending three weeks alone on the seas, Tom was tired of solitude.,III. Related Information,3
9、. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 4. Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Smith was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his
10、 future.,IV. Examples,Markers: such as, for example, for instance, like, colon1. She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye .2. Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 54, 268, and 1000 are called whole numbers or integers. 3. Select any of these periodicals: Time, Readers Digest or The New Yorker.4. M
11、any United Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.,V. Comparison,1. The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.2. The hot air balloon took off. It was a buoyant in the air as a cork (软木塞) in water. 3. Green loves to talk，an
12、d his brothers are similarly loquacious. 4. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.,VI. Contrast,Markers: but, although, unlike, however, as opposed to, while, on the other hand, otherwise, instead, yet, by co
13、ntrast1. Most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented.2. Peter was not frugal since he spent money so freely.3. Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.,VI. Contrast,4. Some students were inadvertently late for class, while a few were purposely late. 5. She is usually p
14、rompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.6. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.,VII. General Knowledge,1. The door was so low that I hit my head on the linjarola.2. Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pi
15、llion, and we roared off into the night.3. Just before the exam, Peters hands shook and sweated, his heart beat fast, and his stomach ached, even though he knew the subject very well. He really had a strange phobia about taking tests.,VII. General Knowledge,4. Sometimes the air is too filthy to brea
16、the and rivers are too filthy to swim in or take water from.5. The snake slithered through the grass. 6. When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water.7. When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesth
17、etic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.,VIII. Cause-effect Relation,Markers: since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so t
18、hat, sothat, suchthat 1. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.2. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.,VIII. Cause-effect Relation,3. Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in a
19、ny trade.4. She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.5. Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.,IX. And & Or,根据同等关系猜测词意。1. In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansio
20、n, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls.2. There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.,IX. And & Or,3. At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 4. Trees, shrubs, flowers and grass are basic to parks or large gardens.5. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.,Thank you!,
