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1、虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood嘉祥一中刘善西,Grammar语法,虚拟语气,语法背景：英语语气的分类一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句的使用 (1) 虚拟条件句的结构 (2)虚拟条件句的省略与倒装 (3) 特殊的虚拟条件句：错综式、含蓄式、 If only引导的感叹句二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法 (wish与would rather后的宾语从句)三、虚拟语气在as if / though从句的用法四、虚拟语气在Its time that中的用法,陈述语气I went to the theatre yesterday.祈使语气Lets go.虚拟语气If I were you, I woul
2、d not leave her alone.,一. 语气的分类,英语的动词一般可带三种不同的语气: 陈述语气, 祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式来表示。,二、条件状语从句表示主句的条件, 分真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。,a. 真实条件句 表示条件是真的或有可能实现的, 采用陈述语气。b. 虚拟条件句表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的, 采用虚拟语气。,虚拟语气：表示说话人所说的话不是事实, 而是一种假设, 愿望, 怀疑或推测。,I ,we第一人称,全部人称,虚拟语气的从句及主句的否定结构的变化与陈述语气一样.（be动词、情态动词及助动词后加not）,（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设
3、 条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be 动词的过去式用were)” 主句中的谓语动词“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。,If I were a boy, I would join the army.如果我是男孩，我会参军的。（现在）,1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中,-What would you do if you won the lottery(彩票)?-If I won the lottery, I would buy,表示与现在事实相反的假设,If I won the lottery, I would buy an expensive ca
4、r.,If I had a lot of money, I would buy a superb house(豪宅).,If I had a lot of money now, I would travel around the world.,If it were fine now, I would go shopping.,a. If they _ (be) here now, they _ (take) your advice.b. If the world-war _ (burst) out again, what _ (happen) to our people on earth no
5、w?,were,would take,burst,would happen,巩固练习 : Fill in the blanks.,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,c. If the policeman _ (be not) in that room now, it _ (be) very dangerous.d. If I _ (be) in your position, I _ (ask) for teachers help.,were not,could be,were,would ask,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,(2). 与过去的事实相反的假设,从句的谓语用had过去分词, 构成If
6、 sb.had过去分词主句的谓语用should(第一人称)/would (第一、二、三人称) /could/might have 动词过去分词。,If he _ more carefully, he _ the car accident yesterday.,had driven,would not have had,If I _ how to swim,I _ trapped in this island.,had learnt,would not have been,a. If Tom _ (be) more careful in the exam, he _ (pass) it alre
7、ady.b. If you _ (get) up earlier, you _ (catch) the first train.,had been,would have passed,had got,would have caught,巩固练习: Fill in the blanks.,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,c. If I _ (meet) you yesterday, we _ (go) to the concert together.,had met,would have gone,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,(3). 与将来事实相反的假设,从句的谓语用If sb. 动词过去式
8、/ were to do /should do 主句谓语用should(第一人称) /would (第一、二、三人称) /could/ might do,If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.,If he got up early tomorrow, he would be on time.,假如他来了, 我们对他说什么呢？,
9、If he were to come, what should we say to him.,假如他看见我, 就会认识我。,If he should see me, he would know me.,a. If there _ (be) no natural resource any more, we _ (make) use of nuclear power.b. What _ (happen) if you _ (get up) too late tomorrow?,should be,should make,would happen,should get up,巩固练习: Fill i
10、n the blanks,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,c. If Robots _ (control) the world some day, there _ (be) no friendship.,were to control,would be,注意 ：一定要分清主句和从句,如果虚拟条件状语从句中含有were，had(助动词)，should，有时候可以把它们提到句首，将句首的if 省略，构成句式:Were / Had / Should+主语If he were here, everything would be all right.= Were he here, If you had c
11、ome earlier ,you would have seen him = Had you come earlier, .If it should rain tomorrow, we would have tocall off the meeting.= Should it rain tomorrow, ,2、虚拟条件句的省略与倒装句式,Should it rain，the crops would be saved.Were it to rain，the crops would be saved.If it should (were to) rain，the crops would be s
12、aved.如果下雨的话，庄稼就会得救了。,从句中的虚拟结构是否必须和主句的结构一一对应呢？,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间, 这时主从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同, 这叫做错综时间条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反, 主句与现在事实相反。),3、特殊的虚拟条件句：错综时间条件句,If the staff had been more careful, the mall(购物中心) would not be on fire now.,（从句与过去事实相反, 主句与现
13、在事实相反。),有时假设的情况并不以条件状语从句的形式出现，而是用一个介词短语或其他方式表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的词和短语有： without(如果没有) ，but for(要不是的话)，but that(要不是)，otherwise (或or) (要不然)等。,4、特殊的虚拟条件句：含蓄条件句,注意：这些词或短语引出的句子，一般相当于一个If 引导的条件状语从句，剩余的句子，相当于虚拟条件句的主句，结构与虚拟条件句的主句一样。 otherwise (或or) 例外。without (如果没有) but for (要不是的话) but that(要不是) other
14、wise (或or) +虚拟条件句的主句结构,它们引导的句子相当于从句；剩余部分用主句结构。,课文重现,Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.如果没有这些新颜料与新的技巧，(现在)我们就不能看到使这一时代赖以闻名的杰作了。 There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, ma
15、ny of these painting styles might not exist.现代艺术风格有数十种，然而，如果没有印象派， (现在)那么这许多的绘画风格不可能存在。,Without water，there would be no life. 如果没有水，就没有生命。 (现在) But for your advice，I would have failed. (过去) If you hadnt given me advice，I would have failed. 如果不是有你的建议，我会失败的。 But that she was afraid，she would have said
16、 no. = If she had not been afraid, 要不是她害怕的话，她就会说“不”了。 He was very busy yesterday，otherwise he would have come to the party. (过去) 他昨天太忙了，否则的话，他就会来参加聚会了。,If only!要是该多好 ；常用来表达未成实现的愿望。(结构的时态向前推一个时间段)（1）表达现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，用过去时(be动词用were)： If only I were 10 years younger! 要是我年轻10岁该多好！（2）表达过去不可能实现的愿望，用had don
17、e： If only I had followed Mr. Lius advice! 要是听了刘老师的话该多好啊！（3）表达将来不可能实现的愿望，用would/could do. (不用should) If only I would fly into the sky one day! 如果有朝一日我能飞上天该多好！,5、特殊的虚拟条件句：If only引起的感叹句。,二. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法,在动词wish后的宾语从句中, 表达过去、现在或将来不大可能实现的愿望，用虚拟结构 (结构的时态向前推一个时间段)。,表示对现在情况的虚拟: 从句动词用过去式 (be动词一律用were) 。,I
18、wish I were as tall as you.（现在）,I wish I were a bird.,I wish every day were my birthday.,I wish I hadnt eaten so much watermelon.,(2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用“had过去分词”。,有时也可以使用could have done 本来能做,The party was terrible, I wish I had never gone to it.,(3) 表示将来不大可能实现的愿望: 从句动词形式为 “ would/ could / might动词原形”。
19、(不用should),I wish you would / could / might come soon.但愿你立刻来。,I wish it would rain tomorrow.,2. would rather (that),现在：过去：将来：,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,过去时,过去时,过去完成时,as if/as though后面的结构与wish 后的宾语从句相同(结构的时态向前推一个时间段)
20、,由as if (as though) 引导的状语从句或表语从句, 从句谓语形式为动词的形式：过去式 (be用were) （现在）“had过去分词（过去）would / could / might+动词原形（将来）,三、 虚拟语气在as if / as though后面的用法,(不用should),He behaves as if he owned the house.,She talks about Rome as though/ if she had been there herself.,She looked as if she would cry .I felt as if I had done something wrong.,Its (about/high) time +(that),should +V.,过去时,你该走了。,我们该去睡觉了。,Its time that you went.Its time that you should go.,Its time that we went to bed.Its time that we should go to bed.,(Should不可省略),四、 虚拟语气在Its time that中的用法,
