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1、Quality PlanningQuality AssuranceQuality Control,Processes necessary to ensure that the project will satisfy customer requirements,Chapter 7 Project Quality Management,Quality Management,Quality Planning,Planning,QualityControl,Controlling,QualityAssurance,Executing,Quality Management,Addresses both
2、 the management of the project and of the product of the projectImproves project management as well as the quality of the productDelivery of both high quality and high grade of productQuality is planned in, not inspected inInvestments in product quality improvement must often be borne by the perform
3、ing organization,Philosophies,Deming Leadership, long-term company position; continuous improvement; participatory; zero defectsJapanese Similar to DemingJuran Decrease cost of qualityCrosby Decrease cost of quality; authoritarian; zero defectsTheory X Workers lazy, motivated by moneyTheory Y Worker
4、s good and trustworthy,ISO 9000,ISO9000 ISO9001 Design/Develop/Produce/Install & ServiceISO9002 Produce & InstallISO9003 Inspection & Testing,Cost Prevention costs: Training, surveys, implementation of quality systemFailure costs: Rework, rejects, scrapExternal Costs: Warranty, recall, handling comp
5、laintsNote 85 % of costs are responsibility of management,Project Management & Quality Management,Customer satisfaction Understanding, managing, and influencing needs so that customer expectations are met or exceededPrevention over inspection The cost of avoiding mistakes is much less than the cost
6、of correcting themManagement responsibility Success requires participation of all members of the team, but it is the responsibility of management to provide resources neededProcesses within phases Plan/Do/Check/Act cycle,Process Improvement,Plan for Improvement,Do on a small scale,Check the results,
7、Act by correcting,ProcessImprovement,Quality Planning,Identifying the quality standards that are relevant to the project and determining how to meet them,Quality is planned in NOT inspected in,Quality Planning,InputsQuality policyScope statementProduct descriptionStandards & regulationsOther process
8、 outputs,Tools & TechniquesBenefit/cost analysisBenchmarkingFlowchartsDesign of experimentsCost of quality,Outputs Quality management planOperational definitionsChecklistsInputs to other processes,Inputs,Quality policy “Overall intentions and direction of an organization with regard to quality as fo
9、rmally expressed by top management”International Organization of StandardsThe quality policy of the organization can be adopted for use by the projectStakeholders should be fully aware of it,Quality Planning,Inputs (cont.),Scope statement Documents the major product deliverables and objectives that
10、serve to define important stakeholder requirementsProduct description Contains details of technical issues and of other concerns that may affect quality planningStandards and regulations Specific standards or regulations that may affect the projectOther process outputs Processes in other knowledge a
11、reas may produce outputs that should be considered part of quality planning,Quality Planning,Tools & Techniques,Benefit/cost analysis Cost and benefit tradeoffs of meeting quality requirementsBenchmarking Comparing actual or planned project practices to other projects, in order to generate ideas for
12、 improvement and to provide a standard against which to measure performanceDesign of experiments Statistical method that helps identify which factors might influence specific variables.Cost of quality The total cost of all efforts to achieve product/service quality, and includes all work to ensure c
13、onformance to requirements, as well as all work resulting from nonconformance to requirements,Quality Planning,Tools & Techniques (cont.),Flow chartingCause-and-effect diagram Illustrates how causes and subcauses relate and create potential problems or effectsProcess flow chart Shows how various ele
14、ments interrelate,Quality Planning,Cause and Effect Diagram,EffectPerformance,Quality Planning,Example,Cause and Effect Diagram,EfficientMailService,Quality Planning,Process Flow Chart,Quality Planning,Yes,No,Outputs,Quality management plan Describes how the PM team will implement quality policy. Ad
15、dresses quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement for the project.Operational definitions (Metrics) Describes what something is and how it is measured by the quality control processChecklist Used to verify that a set of required steps has been performedInputs to other processes Qua
16、lity planning may identify a need for further activity in another area,Quality Planning,Quality Assurance,Planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system in order to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards,Quality Assurance,WhatManageri
17、al audit functionHowPrepare and implement an organization QA programTailor a practical program to meet requirementsWhyQuality improvementIncrease effectiveness and efficiency,Quality Assurance,InputsQuality management planResults of quality-control measurementsOperational definitions,Tools & Techniq
18、uesQuality-planning tools and techniquesQuality audits,Outputs Quality improvement,Inputs,Quality management planResults of quality-control measurements Records of quality-control testing and measurement, presented in a format useful for comparison and analysisOperational definition,Quality Assuranc
19、e,Tools & Techniques,Quality-planning tools and techniquesBenefit/cost analysisBenchmarkingFlowchartingDesign of experimentsQuality audits Structured review of QM activities in order to identify the lessons learned that can improve the performance of this project and of other projects within the org
20、anization,Quality Assurance,Outputs,Quality improvementTaking action to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project and to provide added benefits to the project stakeholdersPreparing change requests or taking corrective action in accord with procedures for overall change control,Quality
21、 Assurance,Quality Control,Monitoring results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate problem causes,Project results are deliverables and management results, such as cost and schedule performance,Quality Control,InputsWork resultsQMPOperational d
22、efinitionChecklists,Tools & TechniquesInspectionsControl chartsPareto diagramsStatistical samplingFlowchartingTrend analysis,OutputsQuality improvementAcceptance decisionsReworkCompleted checklistsProcess adjustments,Inputs,Work ResultsQMPOperational definitionChecklists,Quality Control,Tools & Tech
23、niques,FlowchartingInspection Measuring, examining, and testing to determine whether results conform with requirementsStatistical sampling Choosing for inspection a part of a population of interestAcceptance sampling Evaluating a portion of a lot to determine acceptance or rejection of the entire lo
24、t Pluses : Good if: inspection costs high, destructive testing required, inspection procedures tediousMinuses :Not good if lots small,Quality Control,Control Charts,Rule of Seven Run of seven points toward upper or lower control limit may indicate that process is out of control Assignable causes Var
25、iations may be caused by differences in machines, workers overtime, etc. Identify the root cause.,Quality Control,Graphic displays of the results, over time, of a process; used to assess whether the process is “in control”,Pareto Diagram,Histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that shows how
26、many results were generated by type or category of identified cause,Quality Control,Paretos Law A relatively small number of causes will typically produce a large majority of the problems or defects (80/20 rule),Pareto Diagram,Quality Control,Trend Analysis,Technical performance How many errors or d
27、efects have been identified; how many remain uncorrectedCost and schedule performance How many activities per period were completed with significant variances,Quality Control,Using mathematical techniques to forecast future outcomes based on historical results,Statistical Quality Control,Prevention
28、Keeping errors out of the processInspection Keeping the errors out of the hands of the customer,Special causes Unusual eventsRandom causes Normal process variation,Quality Control,Statistical Quality Control,Attribute sampling The result conforms or it does notVariables sampling The result is rated
29、on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity,Tolerances The result is acceptable if it falls with the range specified by the toleranceControl limits The process is in control if the result falls within the control limits,Quality Control,Standard deviation Square root of the variance,
30、Using Standard Deviation,Mean () AverageVariance Sum of squared differences between mean and each value, (x- )2, divided by number of samples less one or (9-1=8),Quality Control,Upper control limit (UCL) Three standard deviations,Statistics,Quality Control,Example of Standard Deviation,ItemWeight (x
31、)(x-)214.90.0277825.00.0044435.10.0011145.20.0177855.30.0544465.50.1877874.70.1344484.80.0711195.10.00111Total45.60.50000,Quality Control,Example of Standard Deviation,Mean () = 45.6 / 9 = 5.066; (rounded to 5.07)Variance Sum of squared differences between mean and each value, (x- )2, divided by num
32、ber of samples less one or (9-1=8); thus 0.5 / 8 = 0.0625,Quality Control,Upper control limit (UCL) = Three standard deviations; thus 3(0.25) + (or 5.07) = 5.82. The lower control limit (LCL) equals 4.32 or 5.07 - 3(0.25).,Outputs,Quality improvementAcceptance decisions Items inspected will either b
33、e accepted or rejected. Rejected items may need reworkRework Action taken to bring a defective or non-conforming item into compliance with requirements or specificationsCompleted checklists Become part of projects recordsProcess adjustments Immediate corrective or preventive action, in accordance with change control procedures,Quality Control,
