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1、Pub Talk and the Kings English,Lesson One,Contents,Background information Structural analysis Language features Words & Phrases Figures of Speech,Background Knowledge,The authorBritish pubsThe history of EnglishThe Washington Post,Background information,The author: Henry Fairlie Henry Jones Fairlie
2、(13 January 1924 London, England - 25 February 1990 Washington, D.C.) was a British political journalist and social critic.,Henry Fairlie: He spent 36 years as a prominent freelance writer on both sides of the Atlantic, appearing in The Spectator, The New Republic, The Washington Post, The New Yorke
3、r, and many other papers and magazines.,Background information,Most widely held works by Henry Fairlie,1.The Life of Politics2.The Kennedy Promise3.The Spoiled Child of the Western World4.The Parties5.The Seven Deadly Sins Today6.Bite the Hand That Feeds You,British pubs,A public house, usually know
4、n as a pub, is an establishment which serves alcoholic drinks - especially beer - for consumption on the premises, usually in a cozy setting. Pubs are commonly found in English-speaking countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.,In North America, drink
5、ing establishments with a British or Irish name or theme are called pubs as well; the appellation称呼pub itself is often a component of this theme. Although the terms may have different connotations, there is no definitive difference between pubs, bars, taverns and lounges where alcohol is served comm
6、ercially.,Traditionally, a pub which offers lodging may be called an inn or (more recently) hotel in the UK. Today many pubs, in the UK and Australia in particular, with the word inn or hotel in their name no longer offer accommodation, or in some cases have never done so. Some pubs often bear the n
7、ame of hotel because they are in countries where stringent anti-drinking laws were once necessary. Until 1976 in Scotland only hotels could serve alcohol on Sundays;1 in Australia, this restriction operated all through the week.,There are approximately 60,000 public houses in the United Kingdom, wit
8、h one in almost every village. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community, playing a similar role to the local church in this respect.,The history of English,Three stages of English:The Old English/ Anglo-Saxon English (449-1066)The Middle English /French-
9、influenced English (1066-1500 )The modern English (1500- the present): Early modern English (1500-1800) Late modern English (1800-the present),The history of English,Old English (449-1066 AD): In 449, the Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Northwest of Germany conquered the most part of England.,Middle E
10、nglish (1066-1500): In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England. (the Norman Conquest) For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became domin
11、ant in Britain again, but with many French words added.,The history of English,Early Modern English (1500-1800): From the 16th century, the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. Many Latin and Greek words and phrases entered the language during Renaissance. Spelling and gramma
12、r became fixed, and the dialect of London became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.Late Modern English (1800-Present): the English colonization of different countries resulted in the creation of a variety of English: American English, Australian English, New Zealand En
13、glish, Canadian English, South African English and Indian English. Late Modern English has many more words created from the Industrial Revolution and technology, and adopted foreign words from many countries.,The history of English,Norman Conquest,1. Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Ed
14、wards death: It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowne
15、d king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.,Norman Conquest,2. The Norman Conquest and its consequences: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He
16、 replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors
17、was to be seen in the language.,Leading-in questions,Do you often have talks with your friends?Do you have a planned topic or focus in your talks?How do your talks go on?What functions do you think talks have?Whats your reflection when just reading the title?,Writing style,a piece of expositionWhat
18、is pub talk?What is Kings English?,conversation held in the public house,standard English,Writing style,The title: Pub Talk and the Kings EnglishThe title of this piece is not very aptly chosen. The writer illustrates his point by describing the charming conversation he had with some people one even
19、ing in a pub on the topic “the Kings English.,Relationship?,pub talk,kings English,what makes good conversation.,Structure,Main idea: The writer resumed to the topic of how to make a good conversation.,Main idea: What is and what makes a good conversation.,Part III: Para. 18-21,Part II: Para. 4-17,P
20、art I: Para. 1-3,Para.4-11: The topic “the kings English” was discussed unawares during a pub talk.,Global Reading,Para.12-17: Study or reflections done about the kings or queens English.,Detailed study of the text part I (1-3),Pub Talk and the King s English1 Conversation is the most sociable of al
21、l human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. P However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.,2 T The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has an
22、y idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has something to say. P Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince.,There is no winning in
23、conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.,Comprehension questions of P1,Repeat the fist se
24、ntence of para.1 and tell what its textual function is.What is conversation? What makes a good conversation?Why does the author likes bar conversation so much?Whats the main idea of part one?,Detailed Study of Part II(4-17),4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved de
25、sultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it-she clearly had not come into the
26、bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind-but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.,5 Q Someone told me the Other day that the phrase, the Kings English was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use.6 Q The glow of the conversation
27、 burst into flames. T There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; T it could still go ignorantly on.,7 It was an Australian who
28、 had given her such a definition of the Kings English, which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. Q We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the Kings English in such a society. T There is always
29、resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for English as it should be spoken.,8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasants
30、of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. Q The conversation was on wings.,9 Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the mea
31、t comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty ; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we us
32、ed in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift 裂缝in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.,10 The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat th
33、e rabbits that scampered over their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin兔子.,11 P As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to
34、think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Herewar
35、d the Wake. The Kings English-if the term had existed then-had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it. Q,12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. Queens English is found in
36、Nashes Strange News of the Intercepting Certain Letters in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, thou clipst剪；修剪the Kinges English. Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. T He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in The Merry Wives of Windsor sa
37、ys of her master coming home in a rage, . here will be an old abusing of Gods patience and the Kings English, and it rings true.,13 P One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. T P After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans an
38、d the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror, English had come royally into its own.,14 P There was a Kings (or Queen s) English to be proud of. T The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock蒲公英球絮, and its seeds multiplied, an
39、d floated to the ends of the earth. The Kings English was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination.,15 T Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. P One
40、 feels that even Mistress Quickly-a servant-is saying that Dr. Caius-her master-will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the Kings English is English as it should be spoken, the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer (mockery) English as it shou
41、ld be spoke. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.,16 T There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that words will harden into things for us. Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans,
42、is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict法令；布告, and made immune to change from below.,17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and the best dict
43、ionaries he can afford-but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. P The Kings English is a modela rich and instructive one-but it ought not to be an ultimatum. Q,Detailed Study of Part III,18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated a
44、nd the most literate, the Kings English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. T When E. M. Forster writes of th
45、e sinister corridor of our age, we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat in our living room and said, We are all following each other down the sinister corridor of our age, we would be justified in asking him to leave.,19 Great author
46、s are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. P Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of
47、 the food and the wine. T Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement 最高法院, complained bitterly of the terrible sauces at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers , lay in their i
48、ntentions.,20 The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sit ting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Other wise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversa
49、tion the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning of the Kings English. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.,21 And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning. Perhaps above all, one would not have been engage
50、d by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. P The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation. Q,Text Analysis and Appreciation,Textual featuresThe text seems to have been loosely organiz
