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1、CHAPTER14DeepwaterSubseaBOPandMarineDri1.1.ingRiserSUBSEABoPANDMARINEDRI1.1.INGR1.SERDuetothefactsthatsignificanttechnica1.andoperationa1.cha1.1.enges,costs,and1.ossexistswithindeepwaterSubseaBOP(SSBOP)andmarinedri1.1.ingrisersystems,thepurposeofthechapteristoexpandthekeyandessentia1.:systemscompone
2、nts,ana1.ysis,andoperationa1.aspectstopreventoperationa1.1.ossandwastethatcanresu1.t.Topicspresentedarebaseduponindustrystandardsandreferencesasstatedinthischapter.TheSSBOPandmarinedri1.1.ingriserprovidesthenecessarywe1.1.integrity,safetybarrier;andwe1.1.contro1.assurancestobeab1.etoc1.oseinandiso1.
3、atewe1.1.contro1.oroperationa1.prob1.emsthatcanexist.Thisisthedri1.1.ingcontractorsequipmentthattheyareprimari1.ycontractua1.1.yresponsib1.efortoassuresystemsaresafe,effective,efficient,andre1.iab1.e.Themarinedri1.1.ingriserisa1.ongs1.enderstee1.vertica1.cy1.indrica1.pipesystemthatisrundirect1.yfrom
4、abovetheSSBOPtojustbe1.owthedri1.1.f1.oorasshowninFig.14.1.Itprovidesthenecessaryconduittobeab1.etooperatewe1.1.sfromtheoffshorevesse1.Differentdri1.1.ingrisertypesandtechno1.ogieshavebeendeve1.opedforvariantwaterdepths,conditions,andenvironmentsexceeding3048m(IOzOOOft).TheSSBOPponentscanberunandcon
5、nectedtowe1.1.sfor1.ongandextendedperiods,i.e.zuptosevera1.months.Duringtheirworking1.ife,theymustbedesigned,ana1.yzed,maintained,andmanufacturedtobedurab1.etowithstandtherepeateddep1.oymentandretrieva1.conditionsandenvironmentstheyaresubjecttozde1.iveringa1.1.operationa1.andcontingentneedsshou1.daw
6、e1.1.kick,equipmentfai1.ure,emergencydisconnect,orahang-offinsevereweatherresu1.t.Tbcomp1.ywithrequiredwe1.1.1.ifecyc1.edesignprincip1.es,raisessevera1.SSBOPandriserana1.ytica1.proceduresandcha1.1.engestobemet.A1.1.operationa1.andperiphera1.standards,equipmentandsystemsessentia1.softhesearecoveredin
7、thischapter.DeepwaterRe1.iabi1.ityDeepwatercontro1.systemfai1.uresandrepairsthatrequireafu1.1.recoveryoftheSSBOPusua1.1.yresu1.tinsignificantoperating1.oss,cost,andreputationincomparisontothemajorityofissuesthatcanbereso1.vedinsitu,i.e.,subseaandabovetheseabed.IvpuucDttghttps:ZMoiqWI 0. 10 i 6B97S4)
8、X)4 022825000MT5072019 Ekcvicr 1.ed. All rights reserved.Horiz.offsetRisertensionMW1.WaveforceCurrenterc for=-wRiserdiam.、Topconnection(s1.ip joint and ball joint-typ.).Riser weight V-(PiPe and contents)Externa1.and internal fluid (Buoyancy)Bottomconnection (ba1.l joint type)RiserE1.ZFIG.141Vertica1
9、.tensioneddri1.1.ingriserNote:ba1.1.joint(orf1.exjoint)isa1.so1.ocatedjustbe1.owdri1.1.f1.oor).Source:E1.sevier.Animportantandsingu1.arqua1.itycontro1.aspectresidesinthep1.annedmaintenanceassuranceprograms(PMP),whereoperatorresourcespecia1.istsaretaskedinconjunctionwiththedri1.1.ingcontractorsowntea
10、mstoverifyandva1.idatea1.1.suchmatters,particu1.ar1.ya1.1.safetycritica1.issues.Rigsiterepresentativesa1.soaretaskedtoconductandexerciseanactiveassurancero1.ethroughouta1.1.projectp1.anning,rigtendering,rigintakeandoperatingstages,toassurea1.1.subseasystemsworkprogramsarefitforpurpose,de1.iverasinte
11、nded,anddonotfai1.Inthepast,contracts,programs,checks,andassurancedidnotaffordnoraccountfortheseinthenecessarydepthanddetai1.demanded.AfterMacondo,everythinghaschanged,whereamajorreversa1.andoperatingvigi1.ancenowexistsintermsofa1.1.suchsubjectmatterstoassurecontractors,maintenance,verification,ands
12、ubseasystemsassuranceprogramsarebeingattendedto,tomeetworkprogram,andsafetycritica1.equipmentandsystemneeds.SSBOPandMarineDri1.1.ingRiserMaintenanceThissectionaffordsguidanceinregardstotheminimummaintenancerequirementsofthesesystemstobeconducted.Inharshandremote-operatingenvironment,furtherattention
13、isidea1.Thesafeoperationa1.critica1.areastoassurestandards,systemsmaintenance,andqua1.itycontro1.checks,tests,andassuranceprogramsexistarewithin:1. ThesubseaBOP(SSBOP)a. Rams/Ramcavities,configurationsb. Annu1.arpreventerc. We1.1.head/1.MRPconnectorsd. Contro1.podse. Fai1.safeva1.vesf. Compensationg
14、. Choke/ki1.1.boostrigidconduit1.ines,spoo1.s,andconnectorsh. SSBOPfunctionandpressuretestingi. Hand1.ingandtestingtoo1.s2. Subseacontro1.systemsa. Mixingsystemb. Hydrau1.icpowerunitsc. Contro1.pod,pane1.s,systemsd. Uninterruptib1.epowersupp1.iese. Mu1.tip1.escontro1.systemf. Safetycritica1.systems(
15、EDS,Deadman,AMEetc.)g. Emergencydedicatedaccumu1.atorsh. ROVintervention,systemscontro1.si. Acousticsystems,contro1.s3. Marinerriserequipmenta. Boost1.ine,va1.vesb. Choke,ki1.1.,hydrau1.ic1.inessea1.sandfaces,c. Risermudsaverva1.vesd. VIVsuppressiondevicese. Tripsaversf. Te1.escopic,stressjointsg. M
16、arinerisertensionecompensationsystemsh. Risertensionringi. Upper,1.ower,andIntermediateF1.exJoints(asappropriate)j. Riserhangoffana1.ysisk. Riserana1.ysis(weakpointidentification)l. Coup1.eddri1.1.ingriser/conductorana1.ysism. Recoi1.systemana1.ysisn. Ang1.eindicatorso. Hand1.ingandtestingtoo1.sp. R
17、iserwear4. Divertersystemsa. Diverterhousingassemb1.yb. Diverterva1.vesc. Diverterandgashand1.ingsystemsd. Diverterfunctions,testinge. Hand1.ingandtestingtoo1.s5. Comp1.iance,certificateofconformancefora1.1.oftheabove.Note:APIRP53z4thEdition,statesthata1.1.equipmentmustbeinspectedandmaintained.There
18、fore,ifthisisassuredasacontractua1.safeoperatingrequirement,thereisnoimmediateneedforfurthercertificationun1.essotherstandardsorspecificwe1.1.operatingp1.ansandconditionsexist.SSBOPPressureRatingsWhendesigningu1.tradeepwaterSSBOPtests,theeffectofthedifferentia1.pressureofthemudweightintheriserandthe
19、externa1.seawatermustbeaccountedfor.Examp1.e:In3048m(10,000ft)ofwaterwitha15-ppg(1797kgm3)mud,thesubseaBOPbodyissubjectedtoadifferentia1.pressureof3325psi(22.92MPa).ForaBOPratedto15,000psi(103.42MPa),themaximumtestpressureundertheseconditionsmustbe1.imitedto(15000-3272psi)=1.1.z675psi(80.5MPa).SSBOP
20、E1.astomersSSBOPe1.astomersaresubjectedtoawiderrangeofoperatingtemperaturesindeepwaterenvironments.Seabedambienttemperaturesoftenapproachfreezingpoint,atwhichtemperature-resi1.iente1.ementscanfai1.toextrudeandf1.exproper1.ytocompromisesea1.ingcapabi1.ity.Onoccasions,annu1.arpreventershavetoberepeate
21、d1.yfunctionedto“warmup”and1.oosenthee1.astomertosea1.andobtainatest.Duringdeepwatertestingoperationanddependinguponreservoirdepth,temperature,andtestf1.owrates,e1.astomerscanbesubjectedtohighertemperatures.A1.1.potentia1.operatingservicerangeextremesfrom1.owtohigharetobeconsideredtoassuresuitab1.ee
22、1.astomermateria1.sareusedindeepwatersub-sea-operatingenvironments.SSBOPContro1.SystemsAsdri1.1.ingprogressedintodeeperwater,SSBOPcontro1.systemsaremorecomp1.ex,timeismorecritica1.,renderingconventiona1.,hydrau1.icsystemsunsuitab1.ebecauseofs1.owerresponsetimes.Thissectionreviewsthemajorissuestoeva1
23、.uateinthedesign,use,andapp1.icationofdeepwaterSSBOPcontro1.systems.WorkingPressureAhigherworkingpressureof5000psi(34.5MPa)isrequiredforu1.tradeepwaterSSBOPcontro1.systems,duetotheinefficiencyofaccumu1.atorsandsystemsfunctiona1.ityinthesewaterdepthsandduetothehighNitrogenprechargepressurerequired.Ac
24、cumu1.atorschargedto5000psi(34.5MPa)differentia1.abovetheseaf1.oormusta1.sobeventedbeforeretrievingtheSSBOPtosurfacetopreventariskofaburstfai1.urefromoverpressureasthehydrostaticpressureprevious1.yexertedbytheseawaterco1.umncannotbereduced.C1.osingTimesU1.tradeepwaterdynamica1.1.ypositioneddri1.1.in
25、gvesse1.sareoutfittedwithE1.ectroHdra1.icorMUX(mu1.tip1.ex)SSBOPcontro1.systems.Thesesystemshavea1.mostinstantaneousresponsetimes,a1.1.owingtheSSBOPmands(c1.ose,open;disconnectsequence,etc.)tobeinitiatedtomeetregu1.atoryandoperatingstandards.WiththeMUX-contro1.systems,sufficienthydrau1.icstoragemust
26、existontheSSBOP/1.MRPpackagestoa1.1.owforadisconnectsequencetofunctionwithoutrequiringrechargefromsurface.OperatingF1.uidVo1.umesPub1.ishedstandardsspecifytheamountofusab1.ef1.uidtobeavai1.ab1.einanaccumu1.atorsystem.Theserequirementsareon1.yforovera1.1.accumu1.ator;surface,andsubseavo1.umes.Thereis
27、noregu1.atoryrequirementforthenumberofaccumu1.atorbott1.estoaddtoanSSBOPtoenhancec1.osingtimes.Giventhefastresponsetimesofthepi1.otsigna1.inMUXsystems,itisfeasib1.etoe1.iminatebott1.esontheSSBORWhenaccumu1.atorbott1.esaree1.iminatedthere,thesizeofthecontro1.f1.uid1.ineontheriserisnowamajorconsiderat
28、ion,asa1.argerdiameter1.ineisneededtoenhancethef1.uidf1.owtransferrequired.Fordynamica1.1.ypositionedoperations,anydecisiontoe1.iminatebott1.esontheSSBOPshou1.dbeexercisedwithcautionandmustconsiderthef1.uidvo1.umesrequiredforanyp1.annedorunp1.annedemergencydisconnectsequence.GivenWaterdepth:3000Subs
29、eaaccumu1.atorcapacity:35ga1.bott1.esNo.ofsubseaaccumu1.ators:4Seawatergradient:0.445psi/ftContro1.f1.uidgradient:0.43psi/ftCa1.cu1.atepressuresPrecharge:1000psi+(0.445psift3000ft)=2350psiFu1.1.charge:3000psi+(0.43psi/ft3000ft)=4290psiMin.operating:1200psi+(0.445psi/ftx3000ft)=2550psiTermsP1.=pressu
30、reatprechargeVi=nitrogenvo1.umeatprechargeP2=pressureatfu1.1.chargeV2=nitrogenvo1.umeatfu1.1.chargeP3=minimumoperatingpressureV3=nitrogenvo1.umeatminimumoperatingpressureVo1.umeca1.cu1.ationsPiV1=P2V2=P3V37PM2350psi(35ga1.)，.%=IT=4290psi=192ga1.fmtrgenContro1.f1.uid=35-19.2=15.8ga1.atfu1.1.charge=32
31、.2ga1.nitrogen_P1V1_2350psi(35ga1.)3=E=255OPSiContro1.f1.uid=35-32.2=2.8ga1.atminimumoperatingpressureUseab1.ef1.uid=15.8-2.8=13.0ga1.per35ga1.bott1.eTota1.useab1.ef1.uid=13.04=52.0ga1.1.onsSubseaAccumu1.atorRequirementsTheusab1.evo1.umeoff1.uidcontainedinthesubseaaccumu1.atorsiscritica1.,dependingo
32、nthetypeofcontro1.systemused.Whenwaterdepthsexceed500-1000m(1640-3281ft),itcantake30-60sormoreforthesurfaceaccumu1.atorstorechargethesubseaaccumu1.atorsafterasing1.eramfunction.Indeepwater;theca1.cu1.ationofusab1.esubseavo1.umeiscomp1.icatedbythefactthatNitrogenisusedforprechargeanddoesnotbehaveasan
33、Idea1.Gas.Ifthereisasubstantia1.differenceinsurface(precharging)versussubseatemperature,nomatterthewaterdepth,asignificanterrorresu1.tsinusab1.evo1.umeswhenidea1.gasre1.ationshipsareused.Ibconc1.ude,hydrau1.icstoragemustbeassuredtobeavai1.ab1.eontheSSBOP/1.MRPtoa1.1.owforthedisconnectsequencetosafe1
34、.yfunctionandoperatewithoutrequiringrechargefromthesurface.Usab1.ef1.uidca1.cu1.ationsindeepwatersubseaaresimi1.artothoseforasurfaceBOP(SBOP)inthatgaugepressureisused.The1.owestrecommendedorminimumaccumu1.atoroperatingpressuremustbeknownfortheca1.cu1.ations.Inordertodeterminetheusab1.ef1.uid,ca1.cu1
35、.atethevo1.umeofnitrogenwithineachbott1.eatanypressure.Subtractthenitrogenvo1.umefromthebott1.ecapacityforhydrau1.icf1.uidvo1.umeasperexamp1.esinprevioussection.Subseaaccumu1.atorprechargemustbeadjustedforwaterdepth.A1.ongwithstackmountedbott1.es,asubseaaccumu1.atordumpfunctionisneeded.Asthestack-mo
36、untedbott1.esformanintegra1.partoftheentiresubseacontro1.system.Whenopenedandon1.inewiththesurfaceaccumu1.atorbank,theyretainaninterna1.(contro1.f1.uidhydrostatichead)pressurehigherthanthesurfacereading.Withoutthisdumpre1.iefprovision,subseabott1.essha1.1.experiencehigheractua1.pressureswhenthestack
37、ispu1.1.ed.Adumpfunctiontoventthispressurethusdemanded.SSBOPContro1.SystemsandRedundancyTheSSBOPcontro1.systemsondeepandu1.tradeepwaterdri1.1.ingvesse1.saree1.ectrohy-drau1.ic(EH)ormu1.tip1.exsystems(MUX).The1.attergreat1.yimprovesSSBOPoperatingresponsetimes.(1) Hydrau1.icpi1.ot-operated(Chapter5,Fi
38、g.5.38)and(2) E1.ectrohydrau1.icandmu1.tip1.ex,(Chapter5zFig.5.39)Notes:A1.1.othercontro1.systemsareadaptationsofthese.Hydrau1.icandEHsystemsrequireacontro1.bund1.etosendpi1.otsigna1.stoaparticu1.arfunctionandhydrau1.icf1.uidsupp1.y(powerf1.uid)toperformthatfunction.TheMUXandEHsystemssendsigna1.se1.
39、ectronica1.1.ythroughwire(s)withinanarmoredcab1.e.Theirpoweruidsupp1.yisgenera1.1.ysentthroughhardpipingfixedtotheriser.Apartfromthetypeofsigna1.transmissiontothecontro1.pod,bothsystemsoperatesimi1.ar1.y.E1.ectrohydrau1.icSystemE1.ectrohydrau1.ic(EH)contro1.systemsdifferfromhydrau1.icpi1.ot-operated
40、contro1.systemsinthetransmissionmethodofthepi1.otsigna1.forSPMpodva1.ves.EHsystemsrep1.acehosebund1.epi1.ot1.ineswithindividua1.wiresinsideofanarmoredcab1.e.E1.ectronicsigna1.saresentthroughthesediscretewiressubseatoabankofso1.enoidswithva1.vesattachedatopeachpod.Thee1.ectronicspackageismountedinsi1
41、.icon-fi1.1.ed,pressure-ba1.ancedchambers.Aftertheso1.enoidtrips,theattachedhydrau1.icva1.veispu1.1.edintoposition.Signa1.pressureat3000psi(20.7MPa)isdirectedthroughtheso1.enoidva1.vetotheSPMva1.ve.TheSPMva1.vewi1.1.thenmoveoffseatandpowerf1.uidisdirectedtotheoperator.Thecontro1.bund1.esizeforatypic
42、a1.e1.ectrohydrau1.iccontro1.systemis3-3”(76-89mm)OD.Mu1.tip1.exSyStemMu1.tip1.ex(MUX)contro1.systemsdifferfromtheEHinsigna1.transmissionmethodon1.y.A1.1.e1.ectronicso1.enoidsigna1.saredigita1.1.yencodedandsentdownonecommonwire.Fromthatpoint,aMUXprocessorsubseainterpretsthesigna1.s,thene1.ectronica1
43、.1.ytripstheso1.enoidscontro1.1.ingthese1.ectedfunction.Downstreamoftheprocessor;MUXandEHcontro1.systemsareidentica1.Signa1.pressureat3000psi(20.7MPa)movesthroughtheso1.enoidandtripstheSPMva1.ve.AMUXprocessorismountedaboveeachpod/so1.enoidrackinaoneatmospherebott1.e.Amu1.tip1.excontro1.bund1.esizeis
44、genera1.1.y1.-1.,r(25-38mm)OD.(Thee1.ectronicsigna1.andso1.enoidva1.vearrangementisana1.ogoustoaprepressuredcontro1.1.ineandextrapi1.otoperatedva1.veinaquick-responsesystem.)EHandMUXpodsare1.argerthanhydrau1.icpodsandaretypica1.1.ynotremote1.yretrievab1.e.AcousticContro1.sAcousticcontro1.ssystemspro
45、videfurtherredundancytoenab1.eaccesstoawiderrangeofsubseasafetycritica1.functionsthatinc1.ude1.MRPconnectorre1.ease,b1.indshearranisc1.oseandhangoffpiperamc1.ose.Thesystemoperatesbysendingencodedacousticsigna1.sthroughthewatertoareceiverontheSSBOPstack.Theinformationisdecodedande1.ectronicsigna1.sar
46、esentthroughdiscreetwirestoindividua1.so1.enoidswithva1.vesthataregroupedonarack.Theso1.enoidva1.vestripanda1.1.owpowerf1.uidtoenterthesecondaryshutt1.eva1.vesmountedonanoperator.Forthesystemtooperate,a1.argesupp1.yofpowerf1.uidmustbeavai1.ab1.eviasubseaaccumu1.atorbott1.esontheSSBOPstack.Becauseoft
47、he1.imitedpowerf1.uidresource,itisimportantindesigntop1.aneveryfunctionsequencerea1.izingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofanyattemptedfunction.Tdaffordmaximumf1.exibi1.ity,SSBOP-mountedacousticcontro1.systemsandassociatedsubseaaccumu1.atorsarepreferredasSSBOPmounted,andnotattachedtothe1.MRRThedownside
48、ofSSBOPmountingistheassociatedframing,brackets,andaccessrestrictionsthenpresented.1.MRPsubseabott1.epositioninggenera1.1.ycoststhecontractor1.ess.SSBOPPressureandTemperatureGaugesSSBOP-mountedpressuregaugesareusedtomeasurethepressureupstreamofthechoke,toassuremoreprecisesubseaandbottom-ho1.epressuresreadings,whi1.ebringingthepumpsuptospeedandtakingreturnsviabothchokeandki1.1.1.ines.TemperaturegaugesmountedontheSSBOPareusefu1.Duetothesma1.1.erEMWmarginsthatcanexistindeepwater,provisionshou
