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1、首字母填空 第二讲&第三讲& 第四讲判断词性、句子成分、句子结构篇,Do you still remember?,名词,考虑其单复数形式,动词,考虑其时态、语态及搭配,形容词,考虑要不要用比较级或最高级，是否需要变成副词,逐空验证词尾是否要加 -s / -es ， -s/-ing / -ed ， -er / -est ， -ly 等。,（快速）通读全文，检查拼写错误。,后续的工作,开胃小菜,Many famous people f_ lots of times before they succeeded.1.确定词性2.找出判断依据3.注意时态,动词,填succeeded的反义词,succee
2、ded是过去式，fail也应该是failed,ailed,有没有一种经历：这个词我想出来了，100%确定是对的，结果试卷一发下来，单词形式错了？,真相只有一个：你不会判断词性！,首字母填空题考查的是语篇理解过程中的分析判断，句子成分与词性的对应关系，语法结构，词义辨析等全方位的综合能力。所以准确判断词性是做好首填题的一大必备技能。,1动词（Verbs）,2名词（Nouns）,3形容词（Adjectives),4副词（Adverbs),7介词（Prepositions）,9 冠词（Articles）,8数词（Numerals）,5代词（Pronouns),10感叹词（Interjections）
3、,6连词（Conjunctions),英语词性的分类,（注：数词与感叹词介于实义词与功能词两者之间）,词性判断,The doctor looked him over and told him not to e_ meat and sugar.1.去除枝干（包括not）2.词组搭配：tell sb to do3.通过meat and sugar来确定词性,有the就填最高级,Tea is the o_ drink in the world.It has 5000 years of history in China.1.判断词性2.找出判断依据，确定单词3.注意词形,形容词,ldest,In th
4、e USA，headmasters and teachers discipline(惩罚) students in many ways. The teacher often w_ to or calls the students parents.1.去除枝干The teacher w_ to the parents.2.确定词性动词3.找出同义词(解题关键词) 4.结束了吗？说说你的答案！,calls就是三单，空格和call是并列关系，也应该填三单。,rites,Years ago, mobile phones were rather e_. Only important people and
5、 people w_ a lot of money had them.1.注意感情色彩，找出关键词only2.把important people理解为有权人，后面就是有钱人。有：there be（短语），have/has（动词），with（介词）,xpensive,ith,These days, the prices have been greatly reduced, and mobile phones come in small size and d_ colors. So more and more people,e_ school students, have them in thei
6、r hands.1.理解题意，手机价格降低，颜色多彩化2.注意感情色彩。主谓宾齐全，非介即副。甚至是,ifferent,ven,高频考点：副词,如何确定填副词，首先要清楚副词的位置，它的位置一般在： 1）动词，形容词，地点、时间状语前，起强调作用 2）动词后修饰，进一步说明 3）句前句后表示时间，地点 常考的副词有：表强调的副词only，even，especially，still，also，always，almost，already；表否定的 hardly，never，seldom，rarely等；句中用逗号隔开的however，句后的again，together，altogether，ins
7、tead，soon，anywhere等，句中的sometimes，usually等。,He is old e_ for drinking.主系表结构俱全，后面for drinking就是“浮云”，所以e开头的单词和old 有关，就是修饰old的副词，填enough.开挂技巧:凡是看不出是什么词性的，一般都是副词。,especially 和even,Especially：特别是。1.强调，特指。 2）常表示后面的人或事本应怎么样，理所应当怎么样Some young people in the United States,e_ college students,do not go out on t
8、raditional days.解析：young people包含college students，所以不是递进关系的副词even，而是especially,We shoud give the seat to the people who need it on the bus,e_ for the old. 分析：在公交车上，我们应该把作为让给有需要的人士，尤其是老人。这里也是强调，特指老人，所以。也可以理解为老人理所应当享受座位。,Even：甚至。1.递进关系 2.常表示后面的人或事没被寄予多大希望而“锦上添花”，也可能是情况越来越糟“屋漏偏遭连夜雨”Everyone should do t
9、heir best to protect environment_ the teenagers.分析：大家都来保护环境，还有青少年，属于“锦上添花”，有递进关系，那就是even,中考真题练习,【例1】 Anna was on the diet for two months. Her doctor was pleased with her. “ You have been very good,” he said “ You can eat some of the foods you like best., but only a little. Dont eat too many sweets.I
10、f you do, you will get a lot of weight a_. “ But when you eat it, it makes you sick. Its not a good food for you.” “ You are right，” said Frank. “ Well, Ill eat more cake i_.【分析】 这两题填副词，都在句末，分析句子不缺少主要成分，基本确定填副词，再略微看一下上下文，脑子里的常用副词放一遍，确定填again 及instead。,【例2】 Some people say that reading is out of date
11、（过时的， 陈旧的）. This is not true. You have to be able to read to use a computer and, the better you read, the better your computer skills will be. Reading is h_ out of date! 【分析】 动词前后的副词不是强调就是否定，看一下句意，确定应填否定，h开头当然是hardly了。,【例3】 I realized that he was Jack, a friend from my school days in England. At the
12、 same time he a_ realized who I was. 【分析】 以a开头的副词，同学们常常不能很好地确定是also、always还是almost。我们不妨先学习填also的诀窍：如果本句所述内容与上句一致，如此句中的动作与上句一致，都是realize，就确定填also（也）。,【例4】 Have a warm bath- its a great way to relax. But n_ stay in the bathroom too long. More than twenty minutes and you will lose all your energy. 【分析】
13、 此处需填的副词很多同学都填错为not，就是没有掌握好基本规则，动词前用副词never、not必须与助动词连用，而no后必须接名词或动名词。,实词，就要注意名词的单复数和动词的时态、语态，形容词的比较级最高级和副词形式；如果是介词，要注意前后相关的词组；如果是副词，要注意感情色彩，结合上下文判断句子语气，选择贴切副词。,Summary,正餐开吃,Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_ the school soon. The s_ in his class have given h_ a lot of p_. Among t_ are cards, note-books
14、, photos and books. Most of the cards are m_ by the students themselves. Photos will h_ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_ when he was with his students. Next week, t_ will have a p_ to s _ goodbye to him. 分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了“ l_” 应为谓语动词 leaving ; “s_” 是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students; “
15、 h_ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him ; “ p_” 的内容是 cards, note-books , 所以判断为名词presents; “ t_” 是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ; “ m_” 处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made; “h_” 位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help; “t_” 是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time “t_” 是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they; “p_” 是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party “s_” 前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 t
16、o do 即 to say,Years ago, mobile phones were rather e_1_. Only important people and people w_2_ a lot of money had them. These days, the prices have been greatly reduced, and mobile phones come in small size and d_3_ colors. So more and more people,_4_ school students, have them in their hands.It is
17、t_5_ that it is an easy way to keep in touych with friends at any time and in any places.But in places like clssrooms,movie theatred and museums,where everyone should be quiet or talk in a low v_6_,we can also hear mobile phones ringing.Some drivers have accidents for using mobile phones while d_7_.
18、W_8_ of all,some studenys who cant p_9_ their phone bills do something illegal(不合法的) to get the money.So,are mobile phones r_10_ a good thing?,5.true 6.voice 7.driving 8.worst 9. pay 10. really,PART 02,句子成分篇,例句:,I】【played】a【red】【basketball】【yesterday in the house】 主 谓 定 宾 状,I是主语，发出动作的人或物。,lay是谓语，就是一
19、个动词，动词包括行为动词如play,go,listen就是一个动作，还包括be动词即am is are been,basketball就是宾语，宾语就是行为动词后面的那个词（就是动作的承受者）,yesterday是时间状语，in the house 是地点状语状语可以表结果，时间，地点，状态，原因，目的,red按词性划分是形容词，按句子成分划分就是定语，修饰baskeball,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部
20、分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。,一、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。大多数主语都在句首。,The sun rises in the east. (名词)He likes dancing. (代词)Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. (动名词)To see is to believe. (不定式)What he needs is a book. (主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a
21、tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语),(1) 对主语的判断,1. _ are helpful to students. ( teach ) 2. _ is more important to me than money. ( healthy ) 3. Some famous _ are going to give lectures in our school in August. ( science) 4. _ is my favourite sport. ( fish ) 5. _ stamps is my hobby. ( collect ) Key: 1. Teachers 2
22、. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting 分析：主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-题）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或doing（、）。,二、谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He can speak German.We study English.He fell asleep.,(2) 对谓语的判断,John was standing on the step of a ho
23、use. An old woman c_ over to him. “My boy,” she a_, “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_ John. The woman began r_ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_ back to John and s_ angrily, “Didnt you s_ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_ my hous
24、e.” Key: came asked answered ringing turned said say isnt 分析：语篇中的所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。,begin to do和begin doing可以互换，但在以下三种情况下，用to do: （1）. 主语不是指人，而是it等。如:It began to rain. （2）
25、. begin后接表示心理活动的词。如:begin to know ， believe， wonder， think等。 （3）. begin本身是ing形式，为避免重复后接to do 即beginning to do,三、表语（predicative）:表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置于系动词后面 。形容词作表语 You look younger than before.名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语 Everyone is here.介词短语作表语 They are at th
26、e theatre.不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.,常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) .It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds
27、sweet.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.,(3) 对表语的判断,It is _ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible) 2. The sick man is getting _. ( ill ) 3. Petter is going to be a(n) _ when he grows up.(engine) 4. Such cold weather is
28、 quite _ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ） 5. Its a _ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ） Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure 分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。,三、宾语,1)动作的承受者动宾I like China. (名词)He ha
29、tes you. (代词)How many do you need? We need two. (数词)I enjoy working with you. (动名词)I hope to see you again. (不定式)Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句),2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3) 双宾语间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man
30、some money.,口诀：这个值（直）钱的宝物，人见（间）人爱！,(3) 对宾语的判断,1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast _ in Shanghaiafter his long absence from the city. ( develop ) 2. Thank you for your _. ( kind ) 3. At last he sold his _. ( invent ) Key: 1. development 2. kindness 3. invention 分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主
31、语的词性一样，代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。,四、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.,We elected him monitor. (名词)We will make them happy. (形容词)We found nobody in. (副词)Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)Dont let him do that. (省to不定式)His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a
32、 lesson. (带to不定式)Dont keep the lights burning. (现在分词)Ill have my bike repaired. (过去分词),五、主补：对主语的补充。,He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.,六、定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词(过去分词)或短语等都可以充当定语。,Amy is a chemistry teacher.(名词)He is our friend. (代词)We belong to the t
33、hird world. (数词)He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)Yo
34、u should do everything that I do. (定语从句),(6) 对定语的判断,1. The _ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally) 2. On a _ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly) 3. This is an _book. (interest) 4. The French artist said, “ it is my _ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city
35、 so much. ( one ) 5. The book _ by Luxun is very famous. ( write ) 6. Its a _ day ,ist it ? ( sun) Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) interesting (4) first (5) written (6) sunny 分析:：定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。 动词必须变形为：to do, doing 或done 的形式。,七、状语：状语用来
36、修饰动词、形容词或副词。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。 I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do i
37、t well.,(7) 对状语的判断,1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so _ (easy) 2. Watch _ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care ) 3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed _ at last. ( safe ) Key : (1) eas
38、ily (2) carefully (3) safely 状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。 词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。,Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people dont need much sleep. H_(1)_, we all need to dream according to the scientists. Dreams take up about one quarter of our sleeping time
39、. People have several dreams e_(2)_ night. Dreams are like short films. They are usually in color. Some dreams are l_(3)_ old films. They come to us over and again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something.（1）通过这个空格，大家很容易判断在逗号前常出现的就是转折副词However然而，我们在将结合上下句意思进行检验，一些人不需要太多的睡眠。然而，根据科
40、学家所说，我们都需要做梦。前后句子的关系是转折关系。（2）从句子成分而言，e_ night在句子中做时间状语，从词性来讲，night是跟名词，前应用形容词来修饰，所以此处应该填的是every（3）在句子成分中，此处要不做的是状语，要不做的就是表语，若做表语（3）处填的就应该是一个形容词或者名词，但是从整句句意来看，（3）应该填的是介词，在整句句子中作状语，表示的意思为一些梦就像是老电影,实战演练,Dreaming may be a w_(4)_ of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work fro
41、m dreams. They could have been t_(5)_ about their work all day. Then these things go into their dreams.4）a冠词后面往往跟的是名词短语，而在（4）有介词of，所以（4）填的是一个名词，结合整句句子来看，做梦也许是尝试找到一个答案的方法（5）have been t_，这个结构中很容易看出是一个时态的结构，在be动词后如果跟现在分词表示进行，如果be动词后跟过去分词，则表示被动，从此处来看不存在被动关系，所以此处应该用现在分词thinking，整句话的意思为他们却不能一整天在谈论他们的工作,So
42、metimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we cant remember the dream. Dreams can d_(6)_ quickly from memory.Too much dreaming isnt good. The m_(7)_ we sleep, the longer we dream. Our mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired
43、.Key：1. However2. every3. like 4. way 5. thinking6. disappear 7. more（6）在can情态动词之后应该跟动词原形，所以（6）应该填的是一个动词，从整句话中可以看出，梦能够从记忆中快速消失，所以用disappear（7）此句中用了一个the+比较级，the+比较级的结构，从后一句来看longer是副词的比较级，所以前者应该也用副词的比较级，整句句意表示为我们睡的越多，我们做梦的时间就越长，所以此处填more,Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people dont need
44、 much sleep. However(1), we all need to dream according to the scientists. Dreams take up about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams every (2) night. Dreams are like short films. They are usually in color. Some dreams are like (3) old films. They come to us over and again. Th
45、at may be because the dreamer is worrying about something. Dreaming may be a way (4) of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They could have been thinking (5) about their work all day. Then these things go into their dreams. Sometimes we wake up with a go
46、od feeling from a dream. But often we cant remember the dream. Dreams can disappear (6) quickly from memory.Too much dreaming isnt good. The more(7)we sleep, the longer we dream. Our mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired.,read the whole pass
47、age by heart,PART 03,句子结构篇,基本句型是句子结构的几种基本格局，也是千变万化的句子的结构雏形。这五种基本句型十分重要，正是这些有限的基本结构及其转换形式衍生出了无限的实际使用中的句子。,一、句型1： Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：The accident happened yesterday afternoon
48、.事故是昨天下午发生的。,二、句型2：Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：This kind of food tastes delicious. 2) He looked worried just now.,(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting w
49、armer and warmer.2) The tree has grown much taller than before.,三、句型3：Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语)He took his bag and left.(名词) Li Lei always helps me. (代词) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式),四、句型4： Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语)Her father boug
50、ht her a dictionary as a birthday present. 2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.上述句子还可以表达为：1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.,五、句型5： Subjec
