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1、课外古诗词诵读,R八年级语文下册,式微,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
2、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
3、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,式微,式微式微，胡不归？,天黑了天黑了，为什么还不回家？,微君之故，胡为乎中露？,如果不是为君主，何以还在露水中？,式微式微，胡不归？,天黑了天黑了，为什么还不回家？,微君之躬，胡为乎泥中？,如果不是为养活你们，何以还在泥浆中！,诗经邶风,式微：天黑了。式：语气助词。微：昏暗。微君：(如果)不是君主。微：(如果)不是。中露：即露中，露水中。躬：身体。,这是一首劳役者的悲歌，以咏叹的方式、质问的语气，直抒胸臆，堪称“饥者歌其食，芳者歌其事”的经典之作。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
4、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
5、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,重章换字，押韵和谐。体现了一唱三叹、余味无穷的特色。体现了诗经精巧凝练的语言，兼有长短的句式，节奏感强。
6、式微诗短短32个字，就包含了三言、四言和五言等多种变化，工整与灵活相整合，参差错落，能极力地表达主人公,思想感情的起伏。而其句式的选择又是随着诗的内容和思想感情而灵活变化的，增强了诗的节奏感。总之，式微运用语言的艺术，非但韵律和谐优美，而且用词精巧。,子衿,子衿,青青子衿，悠悠我心。,青青的是你的衣领，悠悠的是我的心境。,纵我不往，子宁不嗣音？,纵然我不曾去会你，难道你就此断音信？,青青子佩，悠悠我思。,青青的是你的佩带，悠悠的是我的情怀。,诗经郑风,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
7、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
8、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,纵我不往，子宁不来？,纵然我不曾去会你，难道你不能主动来？,挑兮达兮，在城阙兮。,我来回踱着步子呵，在这高高城楼上啊。,一日不见，如三月兮！,一
9、天不见你的面呵，好像已有三月长啊！,子：男子的美称。 衿：衣领。悠悠：深思的样子。 宁(nn)：岂，难道。嗣(s)音：继续通音信。嗣：继续。挑(to)兮达(t)兮：即挑达，独自徘徊的样子。城阙：城门两边的高台。,这首诗写一个女子在城楼上等候她的恋人，表现了这位热恋中的女子焦急不安、情深意切的真挚感情。,全诗五十字不到，但女主人公等待恋人时的焦灼万分的情状宛然如在眼前。这种艺术效果的获得，在于诗人在创作中运用了大量的心理描写。诗中表现这个女子的动作行为仅用“挑”“达”二字，主要笔墨都用在刻画心理活动，如前两章对恋人既全无音信、又不见影,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
10、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
11、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,儿的埋怨，末章“一日不见，如三月兮”的独白。两段埋怨之辞，以
12、“纵我”与“子宁”对举，急盼之情中不无矜持之态，令人生出无限想象，可谓字少而意多。末尾的内心独白，则通过夸张修辞技巧，造成主观时间与客观时间的反差，从而将其强烈的情绪心理形象地表现了出来，可谓因夸以成状，沿饰而得奇。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
13、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
14、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,送杜少府之任蜀州,王勃(649676)，字子安，绛州龙门(今山西万荣)人，初唐四杰之一。他很小的时候就写得一手好文辞，有“神童”之称。代表作送杜少府之任蜀州滕王阁序等。,送杜少府之任蜀州,城阙辅三秦，,三秦辅卫着长安，,风烟望五津。,你要奔赴的蜀地，却是一片风烟迷茫。,王 勃,与君离别意，,离别时，不由得生出无限的感慨，,同是宦游人。,你我都是远离故土，在仕途上奔走的游子。,海内
15、存知己，,人世间只要是志同道合的朋友，,天涯若比邻。,即使远在天涯，也似在身边。,无为在歧路，,不要在分手时徘徊忧伤，,儿女共沾巾。,像多情的儿女一样，任泪水打湿衣裳。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
16、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
17、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,少府：县尉的别称。 之：到，往。蜀州：今四川崇州。 城阙：指长安。辅：辅卫。 三秦：指关中地区。项羽灭秦后，把秦故地分封给秦国的三名降将，故称“三秦”。五津：指岷江上的五个渡口，即白华津、万里津、江首津、涉头津、江南津。这里代指蜀山。,宦游：出外做官。海内：全国各地。古人认为陆地的四周都为大海所包围，所以称天下为四海之内。比邻：近邻。 无为：无须，不必。 歧路：岔路口。 沾巾：泪贴手巾，指挥泪告别。,这首诗通过写与好友分别的情
18、景，慰勉友人勿在离别时悲伤，表现了诗人高远的志向、豁达的胸怀。,这首诗是送别的名作。诗意慰勉友人勿在离别之时悲哀。起句严整对仗，三、四句以散调承之，以实转虚，文情跌宕。第三联“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”，奇峰突起，高度地概括了“友情深厚，江山难阻”的情景，伟词自铸，传之千古，有,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
19、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
20、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,口皆碑。尾联点出“送”的主题。 全诗开合顿挫，气脉流通，意境旷达。一洗古送别诗中的悲凉凄怆之情，音调爽朗，清新高远，独树碑石。,望洞庭湖赠张丞相 孟浩然,孟浩然（689-740）襄阳人，唐代山水田园诗派代表诗人之一，与王维并称“王孟”，生活在大唐盛世。早年主要在家闭门苦读，四十岁时，前往长安，渴望出仕，但长安之行，求官失
21、败，除赢得诗坛盛名之外，失意而归，游历与于吴越。这首诗是孟浩然写给右丞相张九龄的一首干谒诗。,孟浩然（689-740）,作者简介,望洞庭湖赠张丞相写于唐玄宗开元二十一年（733年），当时孟浩然仍是一名隐士。他西游长安，不甘寂寞，想出来做事，苦于无人引荐，于是写了这首诗赠给当时居于相位的张九龄，希望得到张丞相的赏识和录用。,写作背景,干谒，顾名思义，古人为推销自己而写的一种诗歌，类似于现代的自荐信。唐玄宗开元二十一年（733），孟浩然西游长安，写了这首诗投赠当时位居相位的张九龄，目的是想得到张的赏识和器重。干谒诗的文思情采最能看出作者的风骨、人格。有的满篇卑躬屈膝，奴颜媚骨；有的满篇叫苦不迭，乞
22、人怜悯；也有的自命清高，恃才傲物；而孟浩然的这首干谒诗则写得情采飞扬，不卑不亢，点到为止，含而不露骨，实为干谒诗的精品。,关于“干谒诗”,反复朗读首联颔联，想像一下，这几句描绘了一幅什么样的画面？,八月洞庭湖水盛涨浩渺无边，水天含混接连太空。云梦二泽水气蒸腾白白茫茫，波涛汹涌似乎把岳阳城撼动。,首联,颔联,颈联,尾联,写景登上岳阳楼所看到的波澜壮阔的洞庭湖,抒情诗人渴望出仕，施展才华，干一番事业。（主题）,望,赠,首联,八月湖水平，涵虚混太清。,静名句,颔联,气蒸云梦泽，波撼岳阳城。,动佳句,视觉，听觉写洞庭湖磅礴的气势,“蒸”字渲染一种湿漉漉，水淋淋的气氛，蒸蒸日上的动态感；“撼”字犹如万钧
23、雷霆，“炸”得岳阳城天摇地动，几近坍塌；极显湖水喧嚣动荡，桀傲不驯的自然伟力，凸现洞庭秋水虎吼雷鸣的勃勃生机 。,颈联,欲济无舟楫，端居耻圣明。,发出感慨双关：委婉写自己想做官而无人引荐，不能在天下太平盛世出仕做官，为民谋利，深感惭愧的苦衷。,尾联,坐观垂钓者，徒有羡鱼情。,广为流传，点明主题引典故、设比喻。,诗歌赏析,四句写景，看似不涉干谒，不关情思，其实不然。孟浩然的高明就在于表达心意，旁敲侧击而不显山露水。这天地之间的浩荡汪洋的一湖秋水，既烘托出作者经世致用的凌云壮志和积极进取的勃勃雄心，又暗示张九龄宽宏大度，海纳百川的胸襟气度。此为借景传情，托水言志！,诗歌后面四句，转入抒情。 “欲济
24、无舟楫”，触景兴怀，就近设喻。诗人面对浩浩湖水，想到自己在野之身，满腹经纶，心怀壮志，却无人接引，无人知赏，不禁悲从中来，就正如想渡过湖去却没有船只一样。 “端居耻圣明”，意谓在这个伟大光明的太平盛世，自己本该一展宏图，大有可为；现在却是闲居无聊，浪费光阴。诗人心有不甘，气有不平而倍感愧疚，甚至羞于见人。 这两句是正式向张丞相表白心志，说明自己心向神往出仕求官，却找不到门路。最后两句诗人向张丞相发出呼吁。“垂钓者”暗指当政掌权的人物，其实是专指张丞相而言。 这两句的意思是：德高望重，权倾朝野的张大人啊，您能出来主持国政，造福万民，我是十分钦佩的，不过，我是在野之身，不能追随左右，替您效力，只有徒然表示钦羡之情罢了。谦卑遗憾的字句之下暗含隐忍待发，想有所作为的心机。,诗歌赏析,春 晓 春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。 夜来风雨声，花落知多少。 过 故 人 庄 故人具鸡黍，邀我至田家。 绿树村边合，青山郭外斜。 开轩面场圃，把酒话桑麻。 待到重阳日，还来就菊花。,拓展阅读,
