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1、Selected Readings in American Literature Unit 16,Outline for Earnest Hemingway,His Life Lost Generation His Important Works His Style, Theme, Code hero, and Iceberg Theory Study of the Text,Earnest Hemingway (1899-1961),Spokesman of the Lost Generation,海明威出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥的奥克帕克.,Hemingway was born in th
2、e United States in Chicago, Illinoiss g parker,Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961),Life story. Born in Oak Park, near Chicago. His father is a physician. His mother is a domineering woman, a singer.,Early Life,In 1917, he graduated from high school and worked as a reporter. Rejected for army service in WWI
3、, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France, then to Italian front, where he was seriously wounded. After the war, he worked as a reporter abroad. He got married in 1921. In 1927, he left his first wife and son, for a wealthy young woman.,Life story,In 1937, he bec
4、ame a foreign correspondent covering the Spanish civil war. He met a young reporter and they got married in 1940. His third marriage was troubled from the beginning.,In 1944, in anticipation of the allied landing in France, Hemingway secured a job of reporter. He landed in France in Aug, 1944 and ad
5、vanced to Paris. In London at the end of 1945, He was more than ready to fall in love again, this time with another young journalist.,In the early 1950s, Hemingway showed some symptoms of physical deterioration. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. But he was too ill to go to Stockholm but sent
6、a message there.,Finally in 1960, there was a real breakdown. At the end of Nov, 1960, he was hospitalized and at the end of June, 1961, he was released and returned to Ketchum, Idaho. Early next morning he killed himself with his favorite shotgun.,But man is not made for defeat, a man can be destro
7、yed but not defeated.,只要不计较得失，人生便没有什么不能克服的!海明威,As long as they do not care about gains and losses, Nothing in life should not be overcome,这位诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，一直是人们心目中不屈不挠硬汉精神的象征。正如一位美国教授所说：“崇拜我们不屈不挠的欧内斯特总比迷恋好莱坞的那些小白脸强。”,欧内斯特海明威,“人生来就不是为了被打败的。人能够被毁灭，但是不能够被打败。” -海明威,海明威美国上个世纪最著名的小说家和短篇故事作家之一。他是“迷惘的一代”的杰出代言人，
8、也是第六个获得诺贝尔文学奖(1954年)的美国人。 海明威被誉为美利坚民族的精神丰碑，并且是“新闻体”小说的创始人，他的笔锋一向以“文坛硬汉”著称。,硬汉海明威,这是一个酷爱打猎、钓鱼的作 家。他到过第一、第二次世界大战的战场。他的身上中过237 片弹片。他的头上缝 过57针。他曾在非洲两度飞机失事，严重的脑震荡使他的视力和健康每况愈下。 这就是海明威, 他的经历，孕育出他那硬汉的性格。在他的小说中，反复出现 了拳击、斗牛、狩猎、捕鱼、战争等题材。这些都是力量的象征。当然，还杂揉着 酒、暴力、性、孤独和死亡。,海明威一生写真(一),高中毕业照,年轻的海明威,海明威一生写真(二),西班牙內戰,在
9、狩猎途中写作,钓马林鱼,海明威六十岁,获诺贝尔文学奖,海明威一生写真(三): 婚恋,初恋情人:艾格妮絲,第一任妻子:赫德莉,第二任妻子:宝琳,第三任妻子: 玛莎,第四任妻子: 玛丽,Marriage,海明威在写作,美国著名作家海明威的故居坐落在美国佛罗里达州南端的基韦斯特岛上。该岛在美国的最南端，距离古巴90英里。1928年海明威来到这个小岛，并购置了房屋，直到1961年去世前，他经常住在这里。现在这里已经改成海明威纪念馆。,这是美国最南端的位置标志。,这是海明威生前的创作室。,海明威曾经阅读过的书籍至今仍按原样摆放在那里。,海明威故居,海明威传,有人用“现代英雄神话”来概括海明威传奇的一生。
10、他痴迷拳击而永久伤害了一只眼睛；他两次参加世界大战，获过十字军功章、银质奖章、勇敢奖章和铜星奖章。他因膝盖被打碎而开过12次刀，取出237块碎弹片；他擅长钓鱼，曾钓过7米多长的大鱼；他喜欢冒险，斗牛、打猎样样在行，去非洲打猎时飞机失事，成为生前能读到自己讣告的极少数作家之一；他塑造了一系列打不垮的硬汉英雄，自己却用心爱的双管猎枪打飞了下巴自杀。这就是海明威的人生和个性。他用自己的一生及作品诠释着“硬汉”的含义。,“海明威魔咒”,多少年来，一代文豪海明威家族成员几乎无一善终。令人不可思议的是，海明威家族成员不是死于酗酒、怪病，就是死于抑郁症。美国公众将这一现象称为“海明威魔咒”。 海明威的父亲自
11、杀；海明威吞枪自杀；一个妹妹、一个弟弟死于非命； 幼子格雷戈里酗酒、闹事、裸奔,做过变性手术，猝死女子监狱；孙女马尔戈吸毒自杀于1966年，当时她是全球模特中的影响、报酬之最。,海明威热经久不衰,从1961年海明威去世至今，美国出现了一个经久不衰的“海明威热”。出版商查尔斯斯克莱纳说：仅在美国，海明威的作品每年销售量达100万至125万册。他的作品已被译成40多种语言。据不完全统计，从海明威去世至今，有关他的论文达3700多篇。1980年美国学者发起成立了“海明威研究会”，当时会员仅140人，今天已发展到1800多人，遍布世界各地。研究会办了学术刊物海明威评论，1992年成立国际顾问委员会（杨
12、仁敬教授一直是该委员会委员），每两年举行一次海明威国际会议。 海明威的橡树园诞生地、基韦斯特的故居、古巴望田庄以及在意大利、法国、西班牙和肯尼亚住过的地方、常去的酒吧和咖啡厅都成了许多美国国内外学者追寻海明威足迹的好去处，常年游客络绎不绝。海明威的亲友还成立了海明威公司，用他的名字给钓鱼杆和猎装命名出售，并把海明威的外号Papa作为手枪的商标，吸引了大量顾客。,他的早期长篇小说太阳照样升起（1927）、 永别了，武器（1927）成为表现美国“迷惘的一代”的主要代表作。30、40年代他转而塑造摆脱迷惘、悲观，为人民利益而英勇战斗和无畏牺牲的反法西斯战士形象（剧本第五纵队1938），长篇小说丧钟为
13、谁而鸣（1940）。50年代后，他继续发展20年代短篇小说打不败的人和五万大洋的宁折不弯主题，塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的“可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他”的“硬汉性格”（代表作中篇小说老人与海1950）。在艺术上，他那简约有力的文体和多种现代派手法的出色运用，在美国文学中曾引起过一场“文学革命”，许多欧美作家都明显受到了他的影响。,作品及其影响,厄内斯特海明威是第一次世界大战以后对欧美文坛最有影响的著名美国小说家之一。他曾于1941年来中国采访，对我国人民英勇的抗日斗争深表同情。他的小说艺术造诣极高，所塑造的人物形象具有强烈的个性（即所谓的“硬汉性格”）。他的文笔清新流畅，描写精当，刻画入微。他的
14、语言风格和创作技巧是众口交誉的。特别是那言简意赅的文风，在西方文学史上独树一帜，构成了“海明威风格”。,Homosexual tendency,“我丈夫和海明威他们两个人！哼，他们俩在一起的样子简直就像是一对情侣！” 泽尔达菲茨杰拉德ZeldaFitzgerald菲茨杰拉德的妻子,Suicidal tendency,（一）家长有自杀倾向（二）暴力倾向的父母（三）家庭的危机（四）抑制情绪（五）侵犯或冲突（六）外控个性（external locus of control）（七）低幻想力（八）解决困难能力较弱（九）冲动个性（十）过往自杀纪录,世界自杀率列表（前十名）每年每10万人中的自杀人数（世界卫
15、生组织 WHO 数据）：1 立陶宛 40.2 人2 白俄罗斯 35.1 人3 俄罗斯 34.3 人4 哈萨克斯坦 29.2 人5 匈牙利 27.7 人6 圭亚那 27.2 人7 韩国 26.1 人8 斯洛文尼亚 25.6 人9 拉脱维亚 24.3 人10 日本 24.0 人,A man of iron,The Sun Also Rise一代过去，一代又来，地却永远长存。 A generation goes, and a generation comes, but the earth remains forever. 日头出来，日头落下，急归所出之地。 The sun rises and the
16、 sun goes down, and hurries to the place where it rises. 风往南刮，又向北转，不住的旋转，而且返回转行原道。 The wind blows to the south, and goes around to the north; round and round goes the wind, and on its circuits the wind returns. 江河都往海里流，海却不满；江河从何处流，仍归还何处 All streams run to the sea, but the sea is not full; to the pla
17、ce where the streams flow, there they continue to flow -Ecclesiastes,The Lost Generation,The term “lost generation” was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was between the first and second World Wars. Speaking to Ernest Hemingway, she said, you are all a
18、 lost generation.,Lost Generation,refers to those writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideals and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated.,这一群人在经历了第一次世界大战的冲击波后，精神上失去了平衡，从而感到惶惑、苦闷、无所适从。这一批迷失了生活方向的青年便成了海明威观察、剖析的对象，并以之为素材写出了短篇小说集在我们的时代里和1926 年问世的长篇小说太阳照常升起。书中引用
19、了美国女诗人格特鲁德斯坦的一句话“你们全是迷惆的一代”作为扉页的题间。从此“迷惘的一代”便成了这些精神空虚的青年的集体代号，也成为一个代表这种思想倾向的新的文学流派的称呼，在太阳照常升起中，海明威不遗余力地揭露并谴责人类之间的互相残杀、暴力行径和灵魂的堕落。通过小说主人公杰克巴恩斯的形象和性 格，作者不仅显示了“迷惘的一代”青年们空虚的精神世界，而且也反映出他本人消极的世界观，实际上,书中的巴恩斯正是海明威的自我写照。,It includes the writers such as (Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, and Louis Bro
20、mfield) and poets (like Malcolm Cowley, E. E. Cummings, Archibald Macleish, and Ezra Pound), who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism快乐主义；快乐论.,They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War” to their own country
21、only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground. They felt alienated from American civilization, which was conveyed in their lives of exile and expatriation.,Lost Generation,They had cut themselves
22、off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy
23、 and meaningless and futile.,Their whole life was undercut and defeated. They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated. They painted the post-w
24、ar western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.,His Important Works,代表作品,1926年太阳照常升起（The Sun also Rises） 1929年永别了，武器（A Farewell to Arms） 1940年丧钟为谁而鸣(For Whom the Bell Tolls ) 1952年老人与海 （The Old Man and the Sea）,短篇小说集,1923年：三个故事和十首诗（
25、Three Stories and Ten Poems）1925年：雨中的猫（Cat in the Rain）1925年：在我们的时代里（In Our Time）1927年：没有女人的男人（Men Without Women）1932年：乞力马扎罗的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro）1933年：胜者一无所获（Winner Take Nothing）1938年：第五纵队与49个故事（The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories）1972年：尼克亚当斯故事集（The Nick Adams Stories）1987年：海明威短
26、篇故事全集（The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway）1995年：海明威故事选集（Everymans Library: The Collected Stories）,成名作1926年发表成名作太阳照样升起，作品表现战后青年人的幻灭感，成为“迷惘的一代”的代表作。,荣誉获奖,在第一次世界大战期间获得银制勇敢勋章（medaglia dargento） 因在第二次世界大战期间当非官方的军事通讯记者而在1947年获得铜星勋章（Bronze Star Medal） 1953年凭老人与海获得普利策奖 1954年凭老人与海及一生的文学成就获得诺贝尔文学奖,
27、style,Hemingways vocabulary is easy and his sentence patterns are easy, but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood. His lean, economical style of writing is striking: sentence short, uncomplicated, but active; words simple but filled with emotion; few modifiers, and great control of pau
28、se with action of the story continuing during the silences.,Reasons,1. Hemingways lean style first was influenced by Ezra Pound. “use no superfluous word, no adjective which does not reveal something.” “the proper and perfect symbol is the natural object.”2. journalism: A brief apprenticeship as a r
29、eporter taught him economy and directness.,3. the art of painting. Cecelia Tichi credits Hemingway with bringing engineering values into prose style. “His style was essentially the achievement of the engineers aesthetic of functionalism and formal efficiency. He reduced the sentence to its essential
30、, functional components. ”,Themes,War, death (physical, emotional and psychic death), courage (mans grace under pressure, faced with the threat of ones values.), life values.Hemingways view on life: life is one of perpetual annihilation. The aura of mortality had been a noticeable feature of his wor
31、k.,Code hero,He is sensitive and intelligent. He is a man of action and of few words. He is alone even when with other people. He is somewhat an outsider, keeping emotion under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place when one can not get happiness. In a world which is essentially cha
32、otic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.,The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair, but Hemingway hero possesses a kind of despairing courage. It is this courage that ena
33、bles a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingways heroes believe.,硬汉形象,硬汉形象指具有一种百折不挠、坚强不屈的性格，面对暴力和死亡，面对不可改变的命运，都表现出一种从容、镇定的意志力，保持了人的尊严和勇气。桑提亚哥的名言 “一个人并不是生下来就给打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉可就是打不败他! ” 所表现的即是这种“硬汉”形象的精神境界。这种独特的
34、人物形象深刻体现在印第安营地、五百万、丧钟为谁而鸣、老人与海等作品中。,Hemingways Iceberg Theory,Iceberg Theory,If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer h
35、ad stated them.The dignity of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (Death in the Afternoon, p192),Iceberg Theory,Think of an iceberg: The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (冰山移动的尊严在于它仅有八分之一露出水面。) The same is true with Heming
36、ways writing. His sentences only give one small bit of meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.,iceberg principle,one eighth seven eighths; left for readersdiscover (体察); taste (品味),冰山原则,所谓“冰山原则”，就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象，把自身的感受和思想
37、情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来，让读者对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。 简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、 丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。,一个干净明亮的地方是海明威一篇简单而令人感动的小说，通篇由简短的对话构成，大部分采用的是这种客观的全知叙事视角，叙述者就如一架摄像机，对事件进行单纯的拍摄。,但是在文章的结尾处当年长侍者离开餐馆后却出现了一大段中年侍者的内心独白，这里短暂地出现地人物的想法，是对整个文本视角模式地临时偏离，因此显得更为突出。,并且由上文实在的人物对话（外部因素）突然转至
38、人物的心里想法（内心世界），形成了一种现实与内心的对比、存在与虚无的对比。这一大段的内心独白里，人称几次变换，从而引起了叙事视角的变换，对年长侍者内心想法的直接表达使人物的思想自然地与叙述流融合在一起，读者在无任何心理准备的情况下直接进入人物视点，将读者直接引入年长侍者经历事件时的内心世界，它的自我意识感减弱了，拉近了读者与人物地距离，易使读者产生共鸣、激发同情心。,Text study :A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,Analysis of the three characters: The old man. The older waiter. The young
39、waiter.Theme of the text:Writing style:,Question: why are the three characters in the story nameless?,Hemingway indicates the universal nature of his characters by giving them no names. He sees them as Everyman.,CHARACTERS,The old man: rich, life was meaningless for him, committed suicide, drank exc
40、essively.The middle-aged waiter: sympathetic, realized that youth, love and passion must be followed by aging, despair and nothing. He also looked for order and meaning by staying in the clean, well-lighted cage, experiencing nothing.The young waiter: eager to go back home, confident and ignorant of
41、 truth of life.,The story: no plot, a loose sketch: an old man leaves a caf late at night, two waiters talk while closing up, one waiter stops for a cup of coffee on the way home and does not sleep until morning. On closer examination, the story proves to be heavily symbolic. As one of Hemingways mo
42、st compact stories, it presents two contrasting attitudes to life.,Beginning: the scene, the climate: a cool evening in a hot dusty Spanish city; an old man, alone, on the outdoor terrace of a restaurant is a part of the landscape. Two waiters discuss the old mans attempted suicide.Nothing: key word
43、, to the young waiter, the old man had no reason to kill himself because he was not poor. Poverty would be the only excuse for suicide. Hemingway gives the word a deeper meaning: no hope, no close loving friend, no truth or meaning in life, was the exact reason for the old mans suicide.,the old manr
44、ich, lonely, in despair, commit suicide,the elder waiter,the young waiteryouth; confidence; job; competence; family; love; life,understanding,cafe,Life is essentially a nothing and meaninglessness.,Life is a continuous process of loss of things that are valuable in life.,From birth to death, man suf
45、fers losses of: youth; confidence; job; competence; family; love; life,Grace under PressureDignity in Face of Adversity,Plot and structure,plot:When: late at night, close timeWhere: in a cafWho: an old man, a senior waiter and a junior waiterWhat: its closing time, but an old man still sits there, d
46、rinking. The young waiter gets impatient, because he is eager to go home, for he has a wife waiting. In contrast, the senior waiter is unhurried. It turns out that he goes into another bar himself because he cannot sleep until daylight. Structure: chronological,The Old Man,Richlonelyin despairtry to
47、 kill himself,“他心里再熟悉不过了，这是虚无。全是虚无，人也是虚无的。 有些人生活于其中却从未觉察到，可是，他知道一切都是虚无，还是虚无，虚无，还是虚无。”,Life Is Essentially a Nothing and Meaninglessness.,p184: nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada: Nothing and then nothing and nothing and then nothingp184: thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada: T
48、hy kingdom come, thy will be done, in Earth as it is in Heaven.,p184: Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors p184: but deliver us from nada But deliver us from evil.,Life is a con
49、tinuous process of loss of things that are valuable in life.,From birth to death, man suffers losses of: youth; confidence; job; competence; family; love; life,Not give up; belief in lifeStill act out Hemingways Code of Conduct,Grace under PressureDignity in Face of Adversity,Seek Comforts against N
50、othingness,Comforts against Nothingness,cleanness; light; order; live with dignity - He drinks without spilling - went down the street “unsteadily but with dignity”,character,What do we know about the old man? old, deaf, rich, drunken, alcoholic but still clean, “drinks without spilling” “ walking u
