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1、药物分析诸论,Introduction,Drugs are special products used for prevention and therapy of diseases, and for promotion of the functionality of human body.,Definition,Safety,Effectiveness,particularity of drug,The Dual character specificity Extreme importance - quality controlProfessional,Pharmaceutical Analy
2、sis,Pharmaceutical analysis is an applied science dealing with the establishment and development of quality control methods of drugs and their preparations.,Importance,Analysis of drugs and Quality control are very important means to guarantee their safe and effective use.,The relationship between P
3、harmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chmistry.The key is analysis.,Duties,1. Total Quality Control of Drugsthe base duties:Starting materials, intermediates, and productsproduction process: quality control storage process: quality investigation,Duties,2. The new drug development-the important dutie
4、s establishing and developing methods of quality control of drugsthe studies of stalibitythe studies of pharmacokineticthe studies of bioavailability,Duties,3. Clinical usesprovide help for the related studies Therapeutic Drug Monitoring（治疗药物监测）Clinical pharmacology（临床药理学）Biopharmaceutics（生物药剂学）,Pha
5、rma-ceutical Analysis,Chemical analysis,Instrumental analysis,acid-base titrations,complexmetric titration,oxidation-reduction titration,precipitation titration,electrochemical analysis,photochemical analysis,Chromatographic analysis,Spectrum analysis,gravimetric analysis,volumetric analysis,Conduct
6、ometry（电导）、 potentiometry（电位）， electrolytic analysis（电解）、 coulometric analysis（库仑）、 polarography（极谱）、voltammetry（伏安）.,UV, IR, FI,GC、LC、TLC,NMR、MS,Difficulities,Complicated ingredient：Chinese tratidional medicineThe amount is very small（microamount, trace amount)。,The tendency of modern pharmaceutica
7、l analysis,药品管理理念,检验控制质量,生产控制质量,设计控制质量,分析对象,静态分析体外分析小样本品质分析简单成分,动态分析体内分析高通量生物活性分析复杂体系,分析技术,单一技术人工分析常量分析,联用技术自动化分析、计算机辅助设计超微量分析,Drug Standardization,Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China(，Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Ch.P ) （中华人民共和国药典，简称中国药典）-National drug standardsMinisterial Drug Standards（国家药品标
8、准，简称为局标准）-as supplements to the national pharmacopoeia,Chinese Pharmacopoeia,A legal technological specification。Nine,History of Ch.P,Since the founding of China, eight edition:1953、1963、1977、1985、1990、1995、2000 ,2005 and 2010. The ninth edition is 2005。 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission。,History of
9、Chp,1953年 531 monographs of drugs 1963 1310 monographs (Volume I and II) 1977 1925 monographs 1985 1489 monographs （English version) 1990 1751 monographs （临床用稿须知，药品红外光谱集） 1995 2375 monographs （中药彩图） 2000 2691 monographs （首次收载指导原则） 2005 3214 monographs, with 525 new admissions（Volume I, II and III）20
10、10 4567 monographs (volume I: 2165; volume II: 2271; volume III: 131),中国药典（2010版）,Ch.P.(2010版）2010年1月出版，10月1日正式实施。,Other separate volumes: the Atlas of Infrared Spectra of Drugs （药品红外光谱集）Chinese Pharmacopoeia, English edition （中国药典英文版） A Guide to Clinical Use of Drugs (临床用药需知),Main methods of seven
11、Ch.P,历版药典含量测定中HPLC的使用情况,USP,The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of American (USP)The newest edition is USP(34)-NF(29) (The National Formulary (NF)Publication date: November 1, 2010Official date:May 1, 2011,The British Pharmacopoeia,The British Pharmacopoeia has provided authoritative standards fo
12、r the quality of substances, preparations and articles used in medicine and pharmacy for almost 140 years.The newest edition：BP2011（2011-1）,European Pharmacopoeia,Ph.Eup（European Pharmacopoeia） The newest edition：Seventh edtion (EP 7)（2011）.,Japanese Pharmacopoeia,Japanese Pharmacopoeia（JP）The newes
13、t edition: JP(15)(2006),The International Pharmacopoeia,Ph.Int（The International Pharmacopoeia） the newest:fouth edition (2006),Good Laboratory PracticeGLP Good Manufacture Practice GMP Good Supply Practice GSP Good Clinical Practice GCPGood Agriculture Practice for Chinese Rude drugs GAP,ICH (Inter
14、national Conference on Harmonisation of Technical requirements for registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH) (人用药品注册技术国际协调会）S( )、Q( )、E（ )、 M（ ),safety,multidisciplinary,quality,efficacy,Books,安登魁主编，药物分析，济南出版社，1992 安登魁主编，现代药物分析选论， 中国医药科技出版社 2001 马广慈主编，药物分析方法与应用， 科学出版社 2000 许瑞庭编著，实用药物分析化学，
15、浙江科学技术出版社 1992 Schirmer，RE，Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis，CRC Press，1982 Florey，K，Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances，Vo11-18，Academic Press，1972-1989,Journals,药物分析杂志(Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis) 中国医药工业杂志(Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals) 中国药学杂志(Chinese Pharmaceutic Jo
16、urnal) 药学学报(Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica) 分析化学(Analytical Chemistry) Analytical Chemistry Analytica Chimica Acta The Analyst Journal of pharmaceutical Science Talanta,Requirements of the course,PharmacopoeiaIdentification, Test, AssayTake twelve categories of typical drug as example, study the rules an
17、d method of pharmaceutical analysis Analysis of pharmaceutical preparationLearn how to establish the drug standard Modern technology and method,Chapter 1Introduce of Ch.P,1-1 Ch.P,General Notices （凡例）Monographs （正文）Appendices （附录）Index （索引）,Genral Notices serve as the basic guidelines for the proper
18、 interpretation and application of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in quality control. It applies to any articles, appendices and general statements related to quality control of drugs so as to obviate replication in this compendium. The related requirements in General Notices are official in the Pharmaco
19、poeia.,凡例（General Notices）：是解释和正确使用中国药典进行检定的基本原则，并把与正文品种、附录及质量检定有关的共性问题加以规定，避免在全书中重复说明，凡例是标准的一部分，同样具有法律约束力。,Contents of General Notices,Title and arrangements(名称及编排)Specifications(项目与要求)Testing Methods and Limits(检验方法与限度)Reference Standards,Chemical Reference Subtances(标准品和对照品)Units of Measurement(计
20、量)Precision and Accuracy(精确度)Reagents, Test solution and Indicators(试药、试液、指示剂)Animal Test(动物试验)Insert sheet, Package and Labelling(说明书、包装、标签),The Chinese title of drugs:Chinese Approved Drug Names(中文药名:中国药品通用名称),The English title: International Nonproprietary Name(英文药名:国际非专利药品(INN)命名原则),Titles of or
21、ganic chemical drugs:Guideline for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry(有机药物化学名:有机化学命名原则),Titles and Arrangements,Specifications项目与要求,Description(性状) Identification( 鉴定) Test Section (检查) Assay(含量测定) Category(类别) Strength (制剂规格) Storage(贮藏),1. Description(性状),Appearance(外观)：colour and external appe
22、arance(对药品的色泽和外表感官的描述) Solubility(溶解度)：physical property Physical constants and parameters (物理常数）,2. Solubility(溶解度),Testing methods: Unless specified otherwise, weigh out finely powered sample or measure an amount of liquid sample, place the sample in a certain volume of the solvent at a temperatur
23、e of 25C2C,shake strongly for 30 seconds at an interval of 5 minutes. Observe the solubility behavior for 30minutes . It is considered to completely soluble, if one of the particle or droplet of the solute is observed. 除另有规定外，称取研成细粉的供试品或量取液体供试品，置于25C2C一定容量的溶剂中，每隔5分钟强力振摇30秒种；观察30分钟内的溶解情况，如无目视可见的溶质颗粒或
24、液滴时，则视为完全溶解。,relative density(相对密度)distilling range(馏程)melting point or melting range(熔点) congealing point(凝点)specific rotation(比旋度)refractive index(折光率)viscosity(粘度)specific absorbance(吸收系数)iodine value(碘值)saponification value and acid value(皂化值和酸值) etc；,Physical constants or parameters(物理常数),It is
25、 one of the chief criteria for appraisal and assessment of drug quality.,3.Storage(贮 藏),Cool place(阴凉处): refers to that the storage temperature is not exceeding 20CCool and dark place(凉暗处): refers to that the container is kept in the dark place, protected from light and ambient temperature is not ex
26、ceeding 20CCold place(冷处):refers to that the container is kept at ambient temperature of 2-10C；Normal temperature(常温): refers to that the container is kept at ambient temperature of 10-30C。,Testing method and Limits检验方法和限度,The drug substances and preparation should be tested with official methods st
27、ated in the Pharmacopoeia. In calculating of testing result, the last effective figures is measured in one decimal place more than the significant decimal place indicated in the requirements and round up or down to the specified decimal place by the role of commensuration, the value obtained is comp
28、ared with the limits of the standard to determine the comformity with the specified limits. (标准中规定的各种限度数值的规定,最后一位为有效数字,计算时可多保留一位。) The percentage of the drug substance is calculated by weight, unless specified otherwise.In case of no upper limit is stated, the upper limit is considered to be not mor
29、e than the equivalent amount of 101.0%。,Reference Standards（标准品）, Chemical Reference Subtances（对照品,refer to the standard materials used in testing of identification, test and assay. established, standardized, and distributed by the institution designated by the drug regulatory authority of the state
30、 council.(由专门的单位制备、标定和供应。),Reference standards（RS） are used for bioassay in assay of potency (content) of antibiotics or biochemical drugs. The potency is expressed in units (or g), standardized against International Reference Standard. Chemical reference substances（CRS）, unless specified otherwise,
31、 are used by calculation on the basis of dried or anhydrous material. Distributed with appropriate instruction insert to state the method of usage, quality specification (including water content etc), expiry date and amount or content of the standard material concerned.,Units of measurement,The unit
32、s of measurements:Units of length: meter(m), decimeter(dm)Units of volume: liter(L), milliliter(mL),microliter(uL)Units of mass (weight): kilogram(kg), gram(g),Notes:“XXX volumetric solution（YYY mol/L)” is adopted for the volumetric solution which should be accurately standardized.2）“YYY mol/L XXX s
33、olution” is adopted for other purpose without specific accuracy of their concentration.,Notes: 2010版药典使用的滴定液和试液浓度，以mol/L(摩尔/升）表示者，其浓度要求精密标定的滴定液用”XXX滴定液（YYY mol/L)”来表示；作其它用途不需精密标定其浓度时，用YYY mol/L XXX溶液”来表示，以示区别。,Temperature,Temperature is express in ()(degree Celsius)。Water bath(水浴温度) 98-100 unless sp
34、ecified otherwiseHot water(热水) 70-80 Slightly warm or Warm water(微温或温水) 40-50Room Temperature(室温) 10-30Cold water(冷水) 2-10Ice bath(冰浴) 0Allow to cold(放冷) the object is cooled to room temperature,The drop of a liquid(滴),The drop of a liquid refers to that 1.0ml of water is equivalent to 20drops at th
35、e temperature of 20 (指在20度时，以1.0ml水为20滴进行换算。),The expression ”（110）” stated under the solution refers to a solution of 10mL produced by adding sufficient quantity of solvent to dissolve 1.0g or 1.0mLof a solute. It is understood to be aqueous solution, if the solvent is not specified.溶液后标示的”（110）”等符
36、号，系指固体溶质1.0g或液体溶质1.0mL加溶剂使成10mL的溶液；未指明何种溶剂时，均系指水溶液；,Precision and Accuracy,The accuracy of sampling quantity and precision of testing are defined in this edition of Pharmacopoeia (规定取样量的准确度和试验精密度),The quantity obtained by weighing or measuring the substance being examined and reagent being used is e
37、xpressed in Arabic figures. The required precision is expressed by the significant numerical place. 试验中的供试品与试药等“称重”或“量取”的量，均以阿拉伯数码表示,其精确度可根据数值的有效数位来确定.,For example,The measurement of “0.1g”, refers to that 0.06-0.14g of the substance may be weighed. The measurement of “2g ”, refers to that 1.5-2.5g
38、of the substance may be weighed. The measurement of “2.0g”, refers to that 1.95-2.05g of the substance may be weighed. The measurement of “2.00g”, refers to that 1.995-2.005g of the substance may be weighed.,Weigh accurately: indicates that the precision of measurement should be made to an accuracy
39、of 0.1%。 规定“精密称定”时,系指称取重量应准确至所取重量的千分之一.Weigh: indicates that an accuracy being made to 1%. 规定“称定”时,系指称取重量应准确至所取重量的百分之一. Measure accurately: indicates the accuracy of the volume being measured complies with the national standard of pipet being used for the measurement of required volume 规定精密量取时,系指量取体
40、积的准确度应符合国家标准中对该体积移液管的精密度要求.,Measure: indicates that the measuring cylinder or other measuring apparatus being used complies with requirements for the measurement of volume to the significant numerical place. 规定“量取”时,系指可用量筒或按照量取体积的有效数位选用量具.,“about”: states that the measuring quantity should not excee
41、d 10 of the specified quantity. 取用量为“约”若干时,系指取用量不得超过规定量的10.,Blank test: refers to a test carried out in the similar manner without the substance being examined or using same amount of solvent instead of the solution being tested. 试验中的”空白试验”，系指在不加供试品或以等量溶剂替代供试液的情况下，按同法操作所得的结果。,“to make any necessary
42、correction of the result with a blank test”: refers to that result is calculated by subtracting number of milliliters of titrant used in blank test from that consumed in assay of the substances being examined. 含量测定中的”并将滴定的结果用空白试验校正”，系指按供试品所耗滴定液的量（ml)与空白试验中所耗滴定液的量（ml)之差进行计算。,Constant weight: unless s
43、pecified otherwise, refers to that the drying or ignition of a substance or material in two consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 0.3mg. 恒重，系指供试品连续两次干燥或灼烧后称重的差异在0.3mg以下。,Reagents, Test solutions and Indicators,Water being used in tests and assays refer to purified water.(试验用水，除另有规定外，均系指纯化
44、水。) Water being used for the test of acidity or alkalinity is of the water freshly boiled and cooled to room temperature(酸碱度检查所用的水，均系指新沸并放至室温的水) 。 Test for acidity or alkalinity of a solution without the atatement of indicator being used refers to hat Litmus paper is used(酸碱性试验时，如未指明用何种指示剂，均系指石蕊试纸。)
45、,Monographs正 文,Drug standard contents：title、description、physical-chemistry constant、identification、test and assay etc.,苯巴比妥BenbabituoPhenobarbital,C12H12N2O3 232.24,本品为5-乙基-5-苯基-2,4,6,(1H,3H,5H)-嘧啶三酮。按干燥品计算，含C12H12N2O3不得少于98.5%。,性状 本品为白色有光泽的结晶性粉末；无臭，味微苦；饱和水溶液显酸性反应。 本品在乙醇或乙醚中溶解，在三氯甲烷中略溶，在水中极微溶解；在氢氧化钠
46、或碳酸钠溶液中溶解。 熔点 本品的熔点（附录VIC）为174.5C178C. 鉴别 （1）取本品约10mg，加硫酸2滴与亚硝酸钠约5mg,混合，即显橙黄色，随即转橙红色。 （2）取本品约50mg，置试管中，加甲醛试液1ml，加热煮沸，冷却，沿管壁缓缓加硫酸0.5mL，使成两液层，置水浴中加热，接界面显玫瑰红色。 （3）本品的红外光吸收图谱应与对照的图谱（光谱集227图）一致。 （4）本品显丙二酰脲类的鉴别反应（附录III） 检查 酸度 取本品0.20g,加水10ml，煮沸搅拌1min，放冷，滤过，取滤液5ml，加甲基橙指示液1滴，不得显红色。 乙醇溶液的澄清度 取本品1.0g,置分液漏斗中，加
47、氢氧化钠试液10ml溶解后，加水5ml与乙醚25ml，振摇1min，分取醚层，用水振摇洗涤3次，每次5ml，取醚液经干燥滤纸滤过，滤液置105C恒重的蒸发皿中，蒸干，在105C干燥1小时，遗留残渣不得过3mg。 有关物质 取本品，加流动相并稀释成 中性或碱性物质 取本品1.0g,. 干燥失重 取本品，在105C干燥至恒重，减失重量不得过1.0%（附录VIIL). 灼烧残渣 不得过0.1%(附录VIIN）。 含量测定 取本品约0.2g,精密称定，加甲醇40ml使溶解，再加新制的3%无水碳酸钠溶液15ml，照电位滴定法（附录VIIA),用硝酸银滴定液（0.1mol/L)滴定。每1ml硝酸银滴定液（
48、0.1mol/L)相当于23.22mg的C12H12N2O3。 类别镇静催眠药、抗惊厥药。 贮藏 密封保存 制剂 苯巴比妥片,Appendices附 录,附录I: 制剂通则（剂型定义，应符合的有关规定和检查项目。正文项下不再赘述，以“其他”项表示之）附录II:药用辅料 (2010 年版 Ch.P新增）附录III至X:一般鉴别试验、分光光度法、色谱法、物理常数测定法、一般杂质检查、通用测定法、制剂的各项检查法等附录XI一XIV:安全性检查法（抗生素效价测定法、生物测定法、放射性检定法、检定统计法）附录XV-XVIII:试药、制药用水、灭菌法等附录XIX 指导原则,Guidelines(指导原则)
49、,分析方法验证；药物稳定性试验；药物杂质分析；药物引湿性试验。近红外光谱；拉曼光谱。生物利用度与生物等效性；缓释、控释制剂；微囊、微球与脂质体制剂。化学药品注射剂安全性检查法；中药注射剂安全 I 陛检查法应用。抑菌剂效力检查法；微生物限度检查法；药品微生物检查替代方法验证；药品微生物实验室规范；中药生物活性测定等,Appendices附 录,General Requirements for preparation(制剂通则)General Identification Tests(一般鉴别试验) Spectrophometry(分光光度法)Chromatography(色谱法)Methods
50、of physical property(物理化学常数的测定方法) the tests of Radiopharmaceutical preparations(放射性药品检定法),19,Appendix I General Requirements for preparation,IA Tablets(片剂) IB Injections(注射剂)IC Tinctures(酊剂)ID Suppositories(栓剂)Etc.（15 kinds ）,Appendix IV Spectrometry,IV A Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry(紫外-可见分
