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1、高三英语总复习语法系列训练,分 词,南莫中学高三英语备课组,一、形 式, 过去分词只有一种形式。, 现在分词:,二、 功 能,1作表语2作定语3作状语4作宾语补足语5. 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式6. 独立结构,1作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,如: The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the id
2、ea. Dont get excited.注:已经成为形容词的分词,可以用 very 修饰;没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite,有时也可用very much,如: Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.,注:过去分词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的区别。 系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;被动结构强调谓语动作,指主语所承受的动作。此外还有:系表结构:a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态;b. 一般不带状语; c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构:a. 有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致
3、;b. 可以带时 间、方式或 by 短语作状语;c. 必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,2作定语: 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如: touchi
4、ng story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注:分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如: developing countries = countries that are developing a growing c
5、ity = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如: Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been lef
6、t) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?, 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况:a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如: Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态,
7、 (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如: They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如: Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He
8、 is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil.,注:如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示,如: The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注:如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示,如: The meeting to be held next week is very import
9、ant. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting., 分词还可以作非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句),这时,它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较: All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All th
10、e letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister., 本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作,也不可以表示将来。另外,一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错的: Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished) The man giving
11、 us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,如: Those being busy dont have to go. (应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句,如: The lion died in this zoo th
12、e other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died),3作状语: 现在分词作状语,表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,如: The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意:a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;c. 分词表示的是比较次要
13、的动作,对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明;d. 大部分放在谓语之后;e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语,表示行为方式或手段(这类状语可以放在句首,也可以放在句末,有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c),如: Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities., 现在分词作状语,表示原因或理由,如: Seeing nobody at h
14、ome, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注:如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式,如: Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having receive
15、d an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 现在分词作时间状语(相当于 when 引导的从句),如: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.
16、,注:这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构,如: Be careful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him.注:如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经完成,这个分词要用完成形式,如: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the wom
17、an astronaut expressed her satisfaction., 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步,如: Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件) W
18、eighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步), 过去分词短语作状语,可以修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况,如: Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.
19、 The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 过去分词短语表示原因(相当于一个原因状语从句),如: The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted), 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于条件状语从句),如: United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are unite
20、d ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.注:过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词,这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”)。需要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如: If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invit
21、ed, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.,4作宾语补足语: 现在分词做宾语补足语,如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laugh
22、ing.注:现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程。 过去分词做宾语补足语,如: He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注:过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义。, 现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语补足语一般为
23、宾语所做的动作;过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,如: He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以
24、上句子可以变为被动结构,这时,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”,如: We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken., 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语,这些动词是:catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy,
25、 send 等,例如: She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking s
26、eriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,现在分词的完成形式和被动形式, 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,如: Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注:在独立结构中,也可以用
27、现在分词的完成形式,如: His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear., 在表示一个被动的动作时,如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的,就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语,如: That building being repaired is our library. (定语) He asked who was the man being operated on. (定语) Youll find the topic being d
28、iscussed everywhere. (宾语补足语) As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. (宾语补足语) Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.(状语) Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. (状语), 有时还有完成被动形式,如: Having been given such a good chance, how could she
29、 let it slip away?,在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:,独 立 结 构,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如: He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况) The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
30、 (原因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.,只要我们坚持了,就没有克服不了的困难。或许,为了将来,为了自己的发展,我们会把一件事情想得非常透彻,对自己越来越严,要求越来越高,对任何机会都不曾错过,其目的也只不过是不让自己随时陷入
31、逆境与失去那种面对困难不曾屈服的精神。但有时,“千里之行,始于足下。”我们更需要用时间持久的用心去做一件事情,让自己其中那小小的浅浅的进步,来击破打破突破自己那本以为可以高枕无忧十分舒适的区域,强迫逼迫自己一刻不停的马不停蹄的一直向前走,向前看,向前进。所有的未来,都是靠脚步去丈量。没有走,怎么知道,不可能;没有去努力,又怎么知道不能实现?幸福都是奋斗出来的。那不如,生活中、工作中,就让这“幸福都是奋斗出来的”完完全全彻彻底底的渗入我们的心灵,着心、心平气和的去体验、去察觉这一种灵魂深处的安详,侧耳聆听这仅属于我们自己生命最原始最动人的节奏。但,这种聆听,它绝不是仅限于、执着于“我”,而是观察
32、一种生命状态能够扩展和超脱到什么程度,也就是那“幸福都是奋斗出来的”深处又会是如何?生命不止,奋斗不息!又或者,对于很多优秀的人来说,我们奋斗了一辈子,拼搏了一辈子,也只是人家的起点。可是,这微不足道的进步,对于我们来说,却是幸福的,也是知足的,因为我们清清楚楚的知道自己需要的是什么,隐隐约约的感觉到自己的人生正把握在自己手中,并且这一切还是通过我们自己勤勤恳恳努力,去积极争取的!“宝剑锋从磨砺出,梅花香自苦寒来。”当我们坦然接受这人生的终局,或许,这无所皈依的心灵就有了归宿,这生命中觅寻处那真正的幸福、真正的清香也就从此真正的灿烂了我们的人生。一生有多少属于我们的时光?陌上的花,落了又开了,
33、开了又落了。无数个岁月就这样在悄无声息的时光里静静的流逝。童年的玩伴,曾经的天真,只能在梦里回味,每回梦醒时分,总是多了很多伤感。不知不觉中,走过了青春年少,走过了人世间风风雨雨。爱过了,恨过了,哭过了,笑过了,才渐渐明白,酸甜苦辣咸才是人生的真味!生老病死是自然规律。所以,面对生活中经历的一切顺境和逆境都学会了坦然承受,面对突然而至的灾难多了一份从容和冷静。这世上没有什么不能承受的,只要你有足够的坚强!这世上没有什么不能放下的,只要你有足够的胸襟!一生有多少属于我们的时光?当你为今天的落日而感伤流泪的时候,你也将错过了明日的旭日东升;当你为过去的遗憾郁郁寡欢,患得患失的时候,你也将忽略了沿途
34、美丽的风景,淡漠了对未来美好生活的憧憬。没有十全十美的生活,没有一帆风顺的旅途。波平浪静的人生太乏味,抑郁忧伤的人生少欢乐,风雨过后的彩虹最绚丽,历经磨砺的生命才丰盈而深刻。见过了各样的人生:有的轻浮,有的踏实;有的喧哗,有的落寞;有的激扬,有的低回。肉体凡胎的我们之所以苦恼或喜悦,大都是缘于生活里的际遇沉浮,走不出个人心里的藩篱。也许我们能挺得过物质生活的匮乏,却不能抵挡住内心的种种纠结。其实幸福和欢乐大多时候是对人对事对生活的一种态度,一花一世界,一树一菩提,就是一粒小小的沙子,也有自己精彩的乾坤。如果想到我们终有一天会灰飞烟灭,一切象风一样无影亦无踪,还去争个什么?还去抱怨什么?还要烦恼
35、什么?未曾生我谁是我?生我之时我是谁?长大成人方是我,合眼朦胧又是谁?一生真的没有多少时光,何必要和生活过不去,和自己过不去呢。你在与不在,太阳每天都会照常升起;你愁与不愁,生活都将要继续。时光不会因你而停留,你却会随着光阴而老去。有些事情注定会发生,有的结局早已就预见,那么就改变你可以改变的,适应你必须去适应的。面对幸与不幸,换一个角度,改变一种思维,也许心空就不再布满阴霾,头上就是一片蔚蓝的天。一生能有多少属于我们的时光,很多事情,很多人已经渐渐模糊。而能随着岁月积淀下来,在心中无法忘却的,一定是触动心灵,甚至是刻骨铭心的,无论是伤痛是欢愉。人生无论是得意还是失意,都不要错过了清早的晨曦,
36、正午的骄阳,夕阳的绚烂,暮色中的朦胧。经历过很多世态炎凉之后,你终于能懂得:谁会在乎你?你又何必要别人去在乎?生于斯世,赤条条的来,也将身无长物的离开,你在世上得到的,失去的,最终都会化作尘埃。原本就不曾带来什么,所以也谈不到失去什么,因此,对自己经历的幸与不幸都应怀有一颗平常心有一颗平常心,面对人生小小的不如意或是飞来横祸就能坦然接受,知道人有旦夕祸福,这和命运没什么关系;有一颗平常心,面对台下的鲜花掌声和头上的光环,身上的浮名都能清醒看待。花不常开,人不常在。再热闹华美的舞台也有谢幕的时候;再奢华的宴席,悠扬的乐曲,总有曲终人散的时刻。春去秋来,我们无法让季节停留;同样如同季节一样无法挽留
37、的还有我们匆匆的人生。谁会在乎你?生养我们的父母。纵使我们有千般不是,纵使我们变成了穷光蛋,唯有父母会依然在乎!为你愁,为你笑,为你牵挂,为你满足。这风云变幻的世界,除了父母,不敢在断言还会有谁会永远的在乎你!看惯太多海誓山盟的感情最后星流云散;看过太多翻云覆雨的友情灰飞烟灭。你春风得意时前呼后拥的都来锦上添花;你落寞孤寂时,曾见几人焦急赶来为你雪中送炭。其实,谁会在乎你?除了父母,只有你自己。父母待你再好,总要有离开的时日;再恩爱夫妻,有时也会劳燕分飞,孩子之于你,就如同你和父母;管鲍贫交,俞伯牙和钟子期,这样的肝胆相照,从古至今有几人?不是把世界想的太悲观,世事白云苍狗,要在纷纷扰扰的生活
38、中,懂得爱惜自己。不羡慕如昙花一现的的流星,虽然灿烂,却是惊鸿一瞥;宁愿做一颗小小的暗淡的星子,即使不能同日月争辉,也有自己无可取代的位置其实,也不该让每个人都来在乎自己,每个人的人生都是单行道,世上绝没有两片完全相同的树叶。大家生活得都不容易,都有自己方向。相识就是缘分吧,在一起的时候,要多想着能为身边的人做点什么,而不是想着去得到和索取。与人为善,以直报怨,我们就会内心多一份宁静,生活多一份和谐没有谁会在乎你的时候,要学会每时每刻的在乎自己。在不知不觉间,已经走到了人生的分水岭,回望过去生活的点滴,路也茫茫,心也茫茫。少不更事的年龄,做出了一件件现在想来啼笑皆非的事情:斜阳芳草里,故作深沉
39、地独对晚风夕照;风萧萧兮,渴望成为一代侠客;一遍遍地唱着罗大佑的童年,期待着做那个高年级的师兄;一天天地幻想,生活能轰轰烈烈。没有刀光剑影,没有死去活来,青春就在浑浑噩噩、懵懵懂懂中悄然滑过。等到发觉逝去的美好,年华的可贵,已经被无可奈何地推到了滚滚红尘。从此,青春就一去不回头。没有了幻想和冲动,日子就像白开水一样平淡,寂寞地走过一天天,一年年。涉世之初,还有几分棱角,有几许豪情。在碰了壁,折了腰之后,终于明白,生活不是童话,世上本没有白雪公主和青蛙王子,原本是一张白纸似的人生,开始被染上了光怪陆离的色彩。你情愿也罢,被情愿也罢,生存,就要适应身不由己,言不由衷的生活。人到中年,突然明白了许多:人生路漫漫,那是说给还不知道什么叫人生的人说的,人生其实很短暂,百年一瞬间;世事难预料,是至理名言,这一辈子,你遇见了谁,擦肩而过了谁,谁会是你真心的良朋益友,谁会和你牵手相伴一生,,