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1、2022/12/23,专业英语课件,1,城市规划与建筑学专业英语Professional English For Urban Planning and Architecture,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,2,第九章：城市设计 Chapter Eight: Urban Design1课文标题：城市设计 ARTICLE : Urban Design2专业词汇：（27个）Urban form 城市形态Urban built environment 城市建造环境Settlement 居住Working 工作Transport 交通Recreation 娱乐Flat 公寓，公寓楼Individ
2、ual buildings 单体建筑Skyline 天际线Townscape 城镇风景Layout 布局,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,3,Built environment 建成环境Natural environment 自然环境Building form and massing 建筑物个体体量外观和建筑群的组合Circulation and parking 交通流线和停车Open spaces 开敞空间Pedestrian ways 人行道Signage 户外广告，路标Nodes 节点Landmark 地标,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,4,Sense of belonging
3、 归属感External environment 外部空间Meet need 满足的需求Apart from 除以外School of thought 思想流派，学派City structure 城市结构Cityscape 城市景观 3课文摘要：（见课本p60）4课文注释：,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,5,（1）英文原文：（什么是城市形态）What is Urban Form?Before discussion on the definition of urban form, it is necessary as a starting point to think about “how
4、 is a city formed”. Undoubtedly, people are makers of the city, and their basic intention for building a city is to meet various human needs, for example, settlement, working, transport and recreation. In order to satisfy these needs, a city is built and formed when people construct flats for settle
5、ment, shops and factories for working, roads and bridges for transportation, and open spaces for recreation. 中文示意：在讨论城市形态定义之前，有必要以思考“城市是如何形成的”这一问题为切入点开始。毫无疑问的，人们是城市的建设者，并且其建设城市的主要目的是满足人类的多种需求，例如，居住、工作、交通和娱乐。为了满足这些需求，城市被建造和形成起来。人们为居住需求建造的公寓，为工作需求建造了商店和工厂，为交通需求建造了公路和桥梁，以及为娱乐需求建造了公共空间。,2022/12/23,专业英语课
6、件,6,At the same time, except for individual buildings, various spaces are created between two or a group of buildings, skylines are formed by edges of buildings and mountains, townscapes are developed by the appearance of buildings and spaces / All these are called the urban built environment, which
7、 is an external environment but not a natural environment. Urban form is a terma1 to depicta2 the urban built environment. a1术语a2描写，描述中文示意：同时，除了单体建筑，在两栋建筑及一个组群建筑之间的多样空间也被创造出来，由此，由建筑及山体的边缘所构成的城市天际线也形成起来，城镇风景也由于建筑和空间的出现而形成起来。/ 所有这些都被称作城市建造环境，它是一种外部环境但不是自然环境。城市形态就是描述城市建造环境的术语。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,7,（2）英文
8、原文：（城市形态内容）Urban form, including size, density, configuration, layout, mix of uses and building types，can make a significant impact on sustainability. Built form affects how people live in cities, how resources are used and how the economic life of a city functions.中文示意：城市形态，包括规模、密度、建筑物组合、布局、混合用途和建筑
9、形式，都能给可持续性带来重要影响。建筑形态影响到人们如何在城市始中生活，资源如何被使用以及城市经济生活如何起作用。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,8,（3）英文原文：（城市形态的组成元素：不同的角度有不同的理解）The Elements of Urban FormThere are different perspectivesa1 for perceivinga2 the elements of urban form.中文示意：A 从功能角度归纳城市形态的组成元素：a1角度a2理解,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,9,From a functional a1aspect, Shirv
10、ani laid down eight elements of urban form in his book Urban Design Process (1985, pp.6-48). They are: (1) land use; (2) building form and massing; (3) circulation and parking; (4) open spaces; (5) pedestrian ways; (6) activity support; (7) signage; and (8) preservation. Apart from Shirvani, Jacobs,
11、 Appleyard and Barnett are also advocates a2for this school of thought.中文示意：从功能的角度来看，shirvani在他的城市设计过程这本著作里列出了8个城市形态的组成元素，它们是：（1）土地使用，（2）建筑形式体量外观和建筑群的组合，（3）交通流线和停车，（4）开敞空间，（5）人行道，（6）活动支持 ，（7）户外广告与路标，（8）古迹保护。除shirvani以外，jacobs,appleyard和barnett也支持这一思想流派。a1功能的a2主张,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,10,B 从视觉和美学角度归纳城市形态
12、的元素：From a visual and aesthetic perspective, Lynch, in his book The Image of the City (1960), identified five types of elements. They are:Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroadsEdges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, wallsDistricts, which are
13、 recognizable with same common character.中文示意：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作城市意象中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,11,Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctionsa1, places of break in transportationLandm
14、arks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign, mountain or monument.a1主要交叉口中文示意：（4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,12,C 从尺度的角度理解城市形态：Apart from that, Alexander (1977, pp.xxi) suggested that the urban form
15、can also be understood at different scales: from “the very largest for regions and towns” to “neighborhood, clusters of a1buildings, buildings, rooms and alcovesa2, ending finally with details of construction”.中文示意：除以上观点外，alexander认为城市形态能够以不同的尺度来理解，从“最宏观的区域和城镇”尺度到“邻里、建筑群、建筑、房屋和小室的尺度，最终以建设细节的尺度结束。”a1
16、一群a2小室,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,13,D 对以上三种角度的分析比较：The above perspectives have their own advantages and disadvantages for perceiving the elements of urban form. / The functional perspective is more related to the functions of a city, which can be easily understood from the view of urban planning. It also is
17、 easy for practice because it embodiesa1 the concretea2 elements that are easy to quantifya3 and measure in a comparativelya4 objectivea5 way. However, the functional perspective overlooksa6 the visual and aesthetic aspect of urban form. a1体现 a2具体的 a3量化 a4相当的a5客观的 a6忽视中文示意：以上几种角度在描述城市形态的构成元素上都有其优势和劣
18、势。/ 功能角度更关注的是城市的功能，这一观点就城市规划来说是易于理解的，它也易于实践，因为它体现的是具体的，以一种相当客观的方式，易被量化和测量的元素。然而，由功能角度出发的这一观点忽视了城市形态的视觉和美学方面。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,14,The aesthetic perspective is more related to the image of a city, but it is difficult for practice because the five elements are difficult in quantifying and involved sub
19、jective evaluation. / Furthermore, understanding urban form from scale provides a new perspective that urban form should be treated from large scale to detailed scale, but it also failed to provide concrete elements for practice.中文示意：美学方面更关注的是城市的形象，但它不易于实践，因为这五个元素不易于量化。/ 再来，从尺度角度理解城市形态，提供了一个新的视角，认为城
20、市形态应该从宏观尺度到细节尺度来考虑，但它依旧不能提供可用于实际操作的具体元素。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,15,（4）英文原文：（城市形态的重要作用）What Does Urban Form Contribute to?Urban form plays an important role ina1 peoples daily life: the accessibility of open spaces may affect how people enjoy their leisure times, the connections between two places may aff
21、ect the convenience of movement, the arrangement of building form and massing may give identity to people, the landmarks may give people the sense of belonging Above all, urban form contributes to the quality of life.中文示意：城市形态在人们的日常生活中扮演了一个重要的角色：开敞空间的可达性也许会影响到人们如何享受它们的休闲时光；两地之间的联系状况也许会影响到交通的舒适性；建筑形式
22、体量的安排组合也许会给人们带来识别性；地标也许会给人们带来归属感。总之，城市形态对生活质量有重要的影响作用。a1扮演重要角色,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,16,（5）英文原文：（什么是城市设计，设计城市形态）Urban Design: An Approach for Dealing witha1 Urban FormTaking care of a2the urban form, urban design is an approach to create a quality built environment to satisfy and sustain human needs on
23、functional, aesthetic, social, economic and environmental aspects. It focuses on how to deal with the elements of urban physical form from city structure, building form and massing, to signage. That means the elements of urban form are the elements that urban design needs to deal with (see Figure 8.
24、1). 中文示意：城市设计是一种创造建成环境质量以满足和使人们在功能、美学、社会、经济和环境各方面的需求可持续的方法，它关注的是城市的形态。它将焦点放在了如何处理城市的物质环境元素方面从城市结构、建筑形式体量和组合到路标。那意味着城市形态是城市设计所需要处理的元素。a1处理，论述a2照料、保管,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,17,（6）英文原文：（创造和谐丰富的城市建造环境）When dealing with the elements of urban physical form, urban design concerns “the connections between people
25、 and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric, and process for ensuring successful villages, towns and cities” (DETR, 2000, pp.8). During the development of a city, urban design is a process to create harmonious and diversified a1built environment to sustain and support human act
26、ivities. In this sensea2, it is an art of making places.中文示意：当处理城市物质形态元素时，城市设计关注于“人们与空间之间的联系，运动连贯性以及城市形态，自然和建成肌理，以及确保形成优良村庄的过程，城镇与城市”。在一个城市发展的过程中，城市设计是一个创造和谐及多样化建成环境以维持和支持人类活动的过程，从这一方面来说，它是创造空间的一门艺术。a1多样化a2在这一方面来说,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,18,（7）英文原文：（处于城市规划与建筑设计之间）As an art of making places, urban design s
27、tands at the joint point of planning and architecture. It injectsa1 a three-dimensionala2 design concept with city contexta3 considerations into urban planning while imposinga4 holistic control to integratea5 individual landscape and architecture design. Although the urban design concept was evolved
28、 froma6 architectural aesthetic effect, its considerations have become far broader than only the aesthetic aspect.中文示意：作为创造空间的艺术，城市设计处于城市规划与建筑设计之间，它引入了三维的设计理念，将对城市现状的考虑放入了城市规划，同时，将历史性的控制与单独的景观设计和建筑设计结合起来。尽管城市设计构想是由建筑美学影响发展而来，它的考虑范围已远远超越了仅仅的美学范畴。a1引入 a2三维的 a3情况，状况 a4强使a5与结合起来 a6由发展而来,2022/12/23,专业英语课
29、件,19,（8）英文原文：（生态、环境因素）Urban design is still an evolving field. In order to achieve sustainable development, ecologicala1/environmental considerations have recently been added into urban design, which require modern urban design to consider the relationship between natural resources and the artificia
30、la2 environment. Hencea3, urban design should protect natural resources when creating places for people to work, live and relax.中文示意：城市设计同样也是（由其他学科）发展而来的领域。为了完成可持续发展，生态学及环境学方面的思考最近也被添加进城市设计中来，这使得现代城市设计在为人们的工作、生活和休闲创造空间的时候要考虑自然资源的因素。a1生态学的 a2人造的，人建造的 a3因此,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,20,（9）英文原文：（城市新的发展与社会、经济和生态
31、的延续相一致）Since urban form is changing with changing situations, urban design acts as a process for giving physical design directions to urban growth, conservation and change (Barnett, 1982, pp.12). Therefore, it is an important issue for urban development and redevelopment. 中文示意：既然城市形态是随着变化着的形式而变化的，那么
32、城市设计就扮演了一个为城市生长，维持和变化来提供物质设计方向的角色。所以，对城市发展和再开发来说，这是个非常重要的方面。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,21,It considers how development fits into the urban social, economic and ecological context, how to handle the activities and flowsa1 of people and traffic, how to create pleasant spaces to fostera2 diversified activities
33、, and finally the aesthetic effect on cityscape and individual buildings. Therefore, the fundamental implicationa3 of urban design is to continue the development of city by integrating design issues into planning, landscape and architecture. a1流动 a2培养、引导 a3暗示中文示意：它考虑的是如何使发展与城市、社会、经济和生态状况相宜；如何处理人们的活动
34、和流动以及交通；如何创造宜人的空间来培养和引导多样化的活动；以及最终美学对城市景观和单体建筑的影响。所以，城市设计最基本的目的就是通过将规划、景观和建筑设计结合起来的方式使城市发展更具可持续性。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,22,（10）英文原文：（总结）Above all, urban design is a significant approach that takes care of the urban built environment for creating a sustainable urban form.中文示意：最重要的是，城市设计是一个重要的方法，它处理的是城市建成
35、环境的问题，以创造一个可持续的城市形态。5课后扩展阅读：有兴趣的同学可安排课后阅读，扩展知识面。参见课本第八章深入阅读材料第一篇 FURTHER READING (1): A Sustainable Urban Form and Urban Design Principles 6作业：阅读课本第八章深入阅读材料第二篇：城市设计在美国的发展和实践 FURTHER READING (2): Urban Design in US 翻译课本p69上的阅读材料后面的表格，下次上课时交。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,23,Urban forms：skylines; townscape; the b
36、uilt environment; size; density; configuration ; layout; mix of uses; building typesElements of urban form (functional): land use; building form and massing; circulation and parking; open spaces; pedestrian ways; activity support; signage; preservationElements of urban form (aesthetic): Paths; edges
37、; districts; nodes; landmarksA sustainable urban form （macro-scale）: urban spatial structure; townscape cityscape; land-use pattern; framework of routes and open spaces; infrastructure transportation systemA sustainable urban form （micro-scale）:Building form and massing; streetscape; circulation and
38、 parking; open spaces; pedestrian ways; signage; Urban design principles: vitality; sense; fit; access; control permeability ; variety ; legibility ; robustness; visual appropriateness; richness; personalizationUrban design approaches in US: discretionary ; self-administered; non-discretionary,2022/
39、12/23,专业英语课件,24,第十章：城市景观 Chapter Nine: Urban Landscape1课文标题：英国发展景观政策 ARTICLE : Developing landscape policies in England2专业词汇：（38个）developing landscape policies 发展景观规划hydrological cycle 水循环ecosystem 生态系统bio-diversity 生物多样性survey 调查indicator 指示物，指示者species 物种corridor 走廊buffer 缓冲区conduit 管道，沟渠ecology 生
40、态学,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,25,management guidelines 指导方针monitoring procedures 监视程序control framework 控制体制sub-region 分区，亚区topography 地形学hydrology 水文学vegetation 植被archaeology 考古学strategic design 战略设计allocating development 用地分配规划linear green space 线性绿色空间designation 指代保护区green wedge 指点状绿色空间,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,2
41、6,open space 开敞空间green space system 绿色空间系统attractiveness 吸引力accessibility 可达性soft landscaping 软质景观hard landscaping 硬质景观landscape framework 景观框架arterial road 主干道enclosure 围合空间street furniture 小品guidance 指导，向导application 申请approval 正式批准planning policy guidance 规划政策指导3课文摘要（见课本p70）4课文注释：,2022/12/23,专业英语
42、课件,27,（1）英文原文：（如何发展一个全面的景观政策体系，以及目前英国的城市景观政策现状）The development of comprehensive111 landscape policies, which integrate112 the visual and functional dimensions113 of landscape, and the traditions114 of landscape assessment115 and landscape ecology, must be an essential116 part of any local planning a
43、uthoritys drive for design and environmental quality. 111全面的112综合113范畴114惯例115评估、估定116必需的中文示意：全面景观政策的发展，综合了景观的视觉和功能的范畴，并且景观评估和景观生态的惯例应当是任何地区规划权威设计规划和环境质量动力的一个必要的组成部分。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,28,It is of great111 concern that few local planning authorities in England have developed such policies, and that
44、even amongst112 the best-practice authorities, landscape is still regarded as a largely visual matter, and is often relegated113 to a secondary role as an urban design consideration. This is especially unacceptable now that 114sustainable urban development is an urgent115 environmental necessity 116
45、 .111=greatly非常，大大的112=among113归入114既然115紧急的，迫切的116必需非常明显地可见的是在英国，很少部分的地区规划权威已进行了这一政策的规划，甚至在最佳规划权威中，景观更大程度上被看作是一个视觉方面的事情，并在规划设计考量中被归入了此以及的等级中去。既然可持续的城市发展已成为迫切的必需的环境发展，那么，这种景观政策的现状显然是不被接受的了。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,29,（2）英文原文：（城市景观规划的重要意义，景观生态规划原理）The role of landscape planning in ensuring the perpetuation
46、111 of deep structures 112and natural processes such as the hydrological cycle and the maintenance of important ecosystems, in countering all forms of pollution and ensuring that people have easy access to the natural world is paramount113. 111永久化112身层次结构肌理113最重要的，至高无上的中文示意：景观规划在确保城市深层次结构肌理和自然过程（像是水
47、循环和重要生态系统的维持）的永久化上，以及抗拒所有形式的污染和确保人们能够轻松地与大自然接触方面具有最重要的意义。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,30,Such considerations may help to reduce both the short-term111 and long-term112 costs of development, as well as113 increasing amenity114, recreational resources and bio-diversity. 111短期的112长期的113也，同时114愉快，宜人中文示意：这方面的考量可以帮
48、助减低短期和长期的城市发展成本，同时，提高城市的宜人度、再生资源以及生物的多样性。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,31,Paul Selman has set out his vision 111of landscape ecological planning principles for the countryside, based upon112 detailed surveys (GIS based), the use of indicator species as a basis for design the distribution 113of their habitat co
49、rridors and distance between them, and necessary buffers and conduits. 111观点112基于113分配中文示意：Paul Selman 提出了他的为乡村服务的景观生态学规划政策的观点，这一观点基于（gis为基础的）细节调查，提示物种被用来作为设计分配他们居住走廊、其间距离，以及必需的缓冲区和管道的确定基础。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,32,These provide the basis for a hierarchical111 design integrating ecological, visual and r
50、ecreational measures appropriate to112 local objectives, and developing management guidelines and monitoring procedures. 111阶级的112适合于中文示意：这些都为一个层次化的设计提供了基础，这一设计层次综合了适合于当地情况的生态的、视觉的和再生的方法，并且改进了管理指导方针和监督程序。,2022/12/23,专业英语课件,33,He has emphasized the need for planning to be flexible111 and adaptive112,
