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1、雅思大作文写作,考试考查点,有没有明确的中心观点有没有证明中心观点的论据能否充分展开论证有没有明确的开头、正文和结尾段落是否有明确的主题句和论证句句子和句子之间，段落和段落之间是否有衔接语法是否正确句法是否成熟选词是否得体、生动,Newspapers have an enormous influence on peoples opinions and ideas. Why is this the case and do you think it is a positive or a negative situation? 2009年3月5日Some people think music pla
2、ys an important role in society. Others think it is it is simply a form of entertainment. Discuss both sides of this argument and give your own opinion. 2009年3月7日More and more students choose to go to another country for their higher education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems? 2009年3
3、月14日,雅思大作文的类型,第一大类：问题解决类 题目中的问题提及原因分析(和 “解决方案” ),For Example:There is a higher rate of juvenile delinquency（youth crime）today. What are the causes and what are your solutions? 2009年11月7日The resources on the earth are above a dangerous level. What the causes of this problem? How to solve this problem
4、?The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, as the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. What are the causes of this and can you suggest some solutions.More and more children are putting on more weight than ever before. What are the causes of this and any suggestions.,第二类 议论文-同意不同
5、意，观点比较 题目问题中出现立场性的问题 例如：Whats your opinion?Do you agree or disagree?To what extent do you agree or disagree?,第三类：说明文 题目的问题当中没有立场，需要描述事实 注意关键名词， 如：advantage and disadvantage,例如：,Discuss the advantages and disadvantages about thisWhat are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this issue?,第五类：综合类
6、 题目中出现之前提到的两种文章组合,例如：,To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? what measures do you think can protect them? 说明+解决方案An increasing number of developing countries are expanding their tourist industry. Why do you think it is the case? And do you think it is positive? 说明文+议
7、论文Women now can do some work which traditionally be done by men. Why do you think this changes happened? What is your opinion about this change? 说明文+议论文,Some people argue that young people are spending too much time on watching TV, what do you think of it? And what kinds of activities should be enco
8、uraged to them？,1. Some research reports suggest that the majority of criminals who were sent to prison would commit crimes again when they are set free. What do you think of these reports? What can be done to solve this problem?2. Some people believe that those who are not talented in language lear
9、ning should not be required to learn a foreign language. What is your opinion?3. Developing countries often request help from international organizations. Some people think that financial aid is important. However, others believe that practical aid or advice is more important. Discuss both these vie
10、ws and give your own opinion.4. Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore，some people think financial support from the government should only be provided for scientific research by postgraduate students rather than their research on less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree? 5. Many
11、 people think companies and individuals, instead of governments, should pay for reducing the pollution they have produced. To what extent do you agree or disagree?,6. The development of technology has changed the way that people interact with each other. In which ways does it change the type of rela
12、tionship that people build with each other? Does this have positive or negative effect on society?7. The subjects and course contents for children are decided by the authorities, such as the central government. Some people think that teachers should decide these for students. To what extent do you a
13、gree of disagree with this opinion?8. The news media are increasingly influential today. To what extent do you think this is a positive development?9. When we travel to foreign countries, we tend to see the same things as we see in our home countries. What are the causes of this phenomenon and do yo
14、u think this is positive or negative?10. Some people think that students should go to university for further education. However, some others claim that students should go to learn skills such as fixing cars or construction. What is you opinion?,Assessment Criteria,TA: Task Achievement(任务完成)-1TR: Tas
15、k Response(任务回应)-2,CC: Coherence & Cohesion （内容连贯与篇章衔接）,GRA: Grammatical Range and Accuracy （语法范围与精确性),IELTS 写作新评分标准：,LR:Lexical Resource（词汇资源),语言能力,思维能力,Task 2议论文评分标准： Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据)；Communicative Quality(交流质量)；Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构)。,1）Arguments, Ideas
16、and evidence: 内容切题，论据合理，论证充分。 不要出现跑题。有的考生由于词汇量有限，导致题目中的单词不认识，从而写作的时候写离题了。,例：,Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. Do you agree or disagree? 如果考生不懂in
17、ternational tourism是什么意思的话，这道题是没法写的。,但是，雅思写作涉及的词汇量并不是大得令人生畏，大概有六七千左右。考生万一碰到个把单词不理解的话，完全可以通过上下文加以推测。对策：对于单词，考生应该平时注意积累，应试时根据上下文推断。,Evidence(论据)： 关键要合理，并且能够证明论点。 例1：Wild animals have no place in the 21st century and trying to protect these animals is a waste of resources. Do you agree or disagree? 有同学
18、这样写道：We can hardly imagine what our life will be like without wild animals. For example, if there is no cat, there will be more mice. The increase in the number of mice will result in the reduction of food resources and the spread of diseases. Thus, it is very important to protect animals. 这里猫的论据是不合
19、适的，因为猫不属于wild animals(野生动物)。,2）Communicative Quality(交流质量),Communicative Quality(交流质量)大体上与 Task 1的Coherence and Cohesion相同，也涉及文章中代词，关联词，同义反义词等的运用。,常用的关联词： 对比 however, although, but, nevertheless； 结果 as a result, as a consequence, therefore, because of this, otherwise； 附加 in addition, additionally, f
20、urthermore, moreover； 举例for example, for instance, such as, including； 强调in fact, indeed；,Vocabulary and Sentence Structure,指的是文章的语言表达。5分或5分以下的作文一般语法错误较多。6分作文则一般没有致命的语法错误，用词和句子基本准确。 而7分以上的作文用词丰富(Variety)、句子结构复杂(Complexity)。,四大问题,注意!,低于Band 5的六种技术情况：1. 没有完成写作任务2. 格式错误3. 字迹模糊，难以辨认4. Task 1和Task 2写反5.
21、攻击考官,5分作文要求：,对于任务的回应只是部分回应题目要求，格式在有的地方不得体有立场，但论证并不总是清晰，可能没写结论提出了一些主要观点，但这些观点有限，论证不够充分；可能有无关细节连贯与衔接信息的呈现有些组织，但缺少整体延续性衔接手段的使用不充分，不准确或者过度缺少指代和替换关系，导致重复没有分段，或者分段不充分词汇资源词汇有限，仅仅满足最低要求在拼写和构词法方面有明显错误，以至于导致阅读的部分困难语法结构的范围和准确性只能使用有限的句型试图使用复杂句，但准确度不如简单句语法和标点经常错误，这些错误导致阅读部分困难,6分作文要求：,对于任务的回应回应题目要求，虽然有的部分涵盖不够完整立场
22、切题，虽然结论可能不清晰或重复主要观点切题，但有的观点可能论证不够充分或不清晰连贯与衔接信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或过于机械指代关系可能不能总是清晰、合理地使用有分段，但不总是有逻辑性词汇资源使用适当范围的词汇试图使用较不常见词汇，但有一些不准确在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交际语法结构的范围和准确性能使用简单和复杂句子结构语法和标点出现一些错误，尽管这些错误很少导致交流障碍。,7分作文要求：,对于任务的回应涵盖题目要求文章立场清晰提出、引申、并支持主要观点，但可能有过度概括，分支观点不够紧凑连贯与衔接信息和观点组织有逻
23、辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多每个段落都有明确的主题词汇资源词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误语法结构的范围和准确性使用多种复杂结构多数语句无误语法和标点掌握较好，但可能会犯一些错误,Vocabulary: 5000-8000,How?,技巧：词根词缀+场景,批改标准,1）明确的中心观点，有力的证据2）结构合理，论证富有逻辑，思辨性强3）衔接连贯合理4）句子正确，无明显语病，能用复杂句式，句式多变5）用词正确、地道，富有变化。,要求,大量阅读范文1）尝试性写作及修改2）范文
24、论点及论据 (outline)3）范文复杂句式 (sentences)4）范文精彩词汇 (words),影响写作成绩的四个错误,错误一：语言绝对化人们在使用语言描述事物变化时，应尽可能避免语言过于绝对化，尤其是在使用第二语言进行正式的书面表述时，更应该注意该语言中非绝对化表达方式的学习，这样才能尽显文章内容的客观性，这是绝大多数中国考生在面对雅思写作时所忽视的 。,对比如下两组句子 ：This tends to occur whenever there is a downturn in commodity prices.This occurs whenever there is a downt
25、urn in commodity prices.A child learning a foreign language at primary school has confusion between their native language and the foreign one.A child learning a foreign language at primary school is likely to have confusion between their native language and the foreign one.,为解决该问题，一些表达委婉语气的用语和句式，考生可
26、以尝试使用，如：may, might, would, could, largely, possibly, probably, be likely (unlikely) to, be inclined to, tend to, to a large (some) extent, there is a higher probability/possibility that等。,错误二: 只回答部分问题An increasing number of people are moving and living in big cities. Why is this case? Is it a positi
27、ve or negative trend? (2010年1月23日 G类) 该题有两个问题，很多考生在作答时忽视了第一问，只回答第二问，抑或是把第一问和该现象积极的一面混为一谈，,On the one hand, living in big cities brings about a considerable number of advantages, which is also why people move to big cities. Initially, it is undeniable that work conditions in big cities are usually be
28、tter that those in countries and small cities. With more work opportunities and a higher level of salary, people in other places, especially the young, are inclined to move to big cities. Subsequently, not only does living in big cities offer people better work conditions, but also it affords dwelle
29、rs with facilities of higher quality. These facilities, such as the premium hospitals and education resources, are extremely attractive to countryside people and those in small cities.,错误三：容易跑题该现象产生的原因主要是考生没有正确地理解题目，如Some people think that foreign tourists abroad should be charged more than local pe
30、ople to visit a countrys cultural and historical attractions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2011年4月30日A类),就该题而言，很多考生将意思是“收费”的charged一词理解为“控制”，而该词是我们在中学阶段就已经学习过的。这就很容易导致作文跑题，而跑题的作文分数为5分。避免该问题，首先，在积累词汇阶段，考生应连同其同义词准确记忆;其次，由于每年的考题重复率相对较高，所以，如果时间允许，考生可以在练习阶段把近几年题目通读一遍，准确理解题目内容。,错误四：文章没有分段或分段不
31、充分雅思作文应按照论文的写作格式分段，即有开头段，结尾段和由两到三段构成的主体段落。不论是四段式还是五段式，考生只要进行合理的分段，就能满足考试在逻辑性方面的要求。,雅思议论文写作谨记六方面,No.1开头段使用模板太多 考官对模板深恶痛绝的程度可能超过很多考生的想象，而且，如果考生在第一段还使用大量恶俗的模板，还在第一句说with the development of society，那他会发现他的成绩单上的作文得分会在4分左右。其实，翻翻雅思考官的范文，我们会发现，考官在第一段只干了两件事情：引出背景+表明观点，甚至很多考官只干了第一件事情(引出背景)，仅此而已。但是，考官的首段会很具体，会
32、和文章特定场合挂钩。(请参照剑5的165页，以及剑7的163页),No2 不会使用四段论会失分很多考生对四段论的框架貌似了解，一谈起作文段落安排就会滔滔不绝：第一段引出主题，第二段陈述支持的理由，第三段陈述反对的理由，最后一段总结。这其实是一个没有任何说服力的段落安排，如果翻开剑桥雅思考官给出的满分范文，几乎每篇文章都在告诉我们这样一个真实有用的段落安排：第一段引出主题及拓展+ 第二段反面论证及支持理由+ 第三段对此观点驳论+ 第四段总结及补充说明。而且，段落之间的巧妙衔接也增强了文章的论证能力。建议考生多多研读考官范文，真的能看出门道出来，而不是沉浸在自己似是而非的理解里。(请参照剑5的16
33、5页),No.3 作文加标题英语考试有一个国际惯例(common practice)：写作文时不需要加标题，直接写正文就行。加标题属于浪费感情，浪费时间。而且，这个标题可能太大，一篇250字的文章不能承担标题之重;这个标题可能太小，只照顾到你这篇文章的一小部分;这个标题可能加错了，意思与文章相反，反而会误导考官。总之，不需要加任何标题。,No.4 留给大作文的时间太短考官明确提出，Task 2 carries more weights(大作文占的分量要比小作文大)，而且考官在改作文的时候确实以大作文为主。但是考生在考试的时候，小作文控制不住时间，写得过于详细，最后留给大作文的时间只有半个小时不
34、到，这样做就死定了。所以，我们建议小作文的时间控制在20分钟以内，超过20分钟没写完也不要再写了，而写大作文的时间一定要大于等于40分钟。,No.5 从来不知道驳论为何物?如果你还不知道雅思大作文要写“驳论”，那你就真“后知后觉”了。中国学生经常忽略了这个强大的论证段落，而考官经常在他们的范文里使用这个武器(具体请见剑5的P165，剑6的P164，剑7的P173)。其实，这个强大的武器很好操作，第一步：先把对方主张的观点，或者是对方对我的批评摆出来，加一个简单的理由(这很好找吧);第二步：加一个转折，通常会说但是，他们太简单化了;第三步：先写一个in fact，再写我针锋相对的观点，或驳斥对方
35、的观点。这样就轻松搞定了一个段落。建议大家回头研究一下这个强大的武器，用正确了可以增分不少。,15个雅思写作常见语法错误,1.可数名词永远不能单独使用，必须在前面加上一个限定词，如 the/an/a/this/my ;或者复数2.英语里动词不能做主语，被动的动词别忘了加-ed/-d3.主谓要一致。主语很长一定要检查谓语单复数4.用Be动词表现句子时态： 例如：Many students are like studying economics. like是动词，要去掉are5.时态要一致，议论文极少用过去时,6.修饰名词用形容词，修饰动词用副词或者形容词7.介词搭配：reasons for ;s
36、olutions for 8.动词替代：replace/ supplant ;instead of 是副词或者连词9.there are 句型后面的名词再加动词，动词不能原形,应用定语从句，加who或that。例如：There are many students who want to take a year off before they go to college.10.cant应写成cannot ， 注意没有空格 。,11.修饰可数名词：numerous , a host of , a vast number of ;不可数：a great deal of12英-se结尾 , 美-ze
37、;英-our 结尾，美-or13.口头语和书面语要点区分开。serious severe ;people individuals ;harm damage ;more and more increasingly; so therefore/ hence/ thus; be more than outweigh 大于/超过，最常用的一句advantages outweigh disadvantages greatly 利远大于弊。14.慎重引用句子，有些如宗教句子不能直接来做论据15.不要轻易使用语气过于强烈的句子,句法问题,从句子结构层面展开探讨1、串句串句是不用连词或标点而把两个(或以上)独
38、立的句子串在一起的错误表达。有些串句是不用任何标点间隔两个甚至更多的句子；有些串句是在该用句号时滥用逗号，忽略了逗号本身没有连接句子功能的原则。No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes
39、, one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.,No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.There is a general discussion there days over education in many colleges and inst
40、itutes, one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.,修改和避免串句错误的常见方法：用句号把原句分成两个独立的句子；用连词连接两个句子；用分号连接两个句子。,No one can deny the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem, so the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.There is a general
41、discussion there days over education in many colleges and institutes; one of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study。,2、破句 破句是把不完整的句子当作独立的句子来写时发生的错误。从属连词引起的破句。常见的从属连词有because, after, unless, even if, even though ,since , before , when (whenever)，if, who (whoever)，while, a
42、s (as if )， which (whichever)， although , so that, where (wherever)， until, that等。像because这样的从属连词开头的从句是不能单独存在的，它依赖于另一个句子方能使意义完整，也就是说单独的从句本身就是破句。,以下是常见的几个破句的例子：Students should be encouraged to take part-time job. Because it will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.修改后： Stud
43、ents should be encouraged to take part-time job because it will benefit them and their families, even the society as a whole.,International travel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities. For example, retail, hospitality and transportation.点评：增加细节引起的破句。往往以下面的词语开头：for example, als
44、o, except, such as, including, especially, among, like。修改后：International travel has given rise to large numbers of employment opportunities in retail, hospitality and transportation。,Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control. And also threatening to
45、take already scarce city jobs.点评：缺少主语的破句。用and之类连词打头的短语或句子居多，可通过使破句依附于前面的句子或加上主语的方式进行更正。修改后：Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and also threatening to take already scarce city jobs.,3、错误的平行结构 所谓平行结构，就是指两个(或以上)意思并列的成份(包括单词、词组、从句和句子)在写作时要用同等的语法形式
46、表达，并保证逻辑上的一致，否则就破坏了其平行结构。,错误的并列In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built and which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.点评：and who/and which 结构是考生所犯的错误中最常见但最严重的一种，因为它导致从句与主句间一种不合逻辑的关系。修改后：In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities h
47、ave been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.,一系列平行结构上的不正确使用Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience and it is not very expensive.点评：当词或词组被放在一个系列时，它们在意义上和结构上必须都是平行的。 修改后：Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, conveni
48、ent and inexpensive.,错误的省略It is commonly thought that modern technology has and will dramatically change our society.点评：这种错误在have/ has ,will, shall结构中较为常见。 修改后：It is commonly thought that modern technology has dramatically changed our society and it will continue to do so.,逻辑上的不一致The percentage of c
49、ancerous persons among smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers.点评：使用than或as的比较形式，较容易出现不合逻辑的现象。修改后：The percentage of cancerous patients among smokers is significantly higher than that among non-smokers.,IELTS写作的准备内容1、语言的正确性2、积累写作词汇3、学习写作句型4、练习写作段落,写作词汇积累,1、词汇使用的多样性2、词汇使用的升级性3、词汇使用的丰富性,1、词汇使用
50、的多样性反面案例：good, I think,Good的替换表达：味觉 tasty, delicious, sweet嗅觉 fragrant, delicious视觉 beautiful, handsome, lovely,触觉 smooth, soft, 通用词 satisfied, terrific, encouraged, positive,I think 表达的多样性单词表达：I assume/ argue/ emphasize/ insist/ hold/,I think 表达的多样性短语表达： In my opinion, As far as I am concerned, For
