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1、Part V The Victorian Age,(1832-1901),Chapter I A Survey of the Victorian Period,(1) Definition: the Victorian Periodroughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1837 to 1901. one of the most Glorious period in the English history,1837年，18岁的女王维多利亚登基.新女王在继位之前的日记中写道：既然
2、上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻良母，也是优秀的一家主妇。她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任感。在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的63年在位时期则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰.在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那个时代的表率。,(2) Background: dev
3、eloped rapidly both politically & economically (capitalism first took shape, agricultural to industrial society The Early Victorian Period (1832-1848) rapid economic development + serious social problems. Yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness am
4、ong the working class.,The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848). The Mid-Victorian Period (1848-1970)During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stabili
5、ty. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability and material progress.,维多利亚时代中期，英国达到强盛的顶峰，当时它的工业生产能力比全世界的总和还要大，维多利亚中期的英国为他们的无可匹敌的地位洋洋得意，它这时是世界的贸易中心：北美和俄国的平原是我们的玉米地；芝加哥和敖德萨是我们的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海是我们的林场；澳大利亚、西亚有我们的牧羊地；阿根廷和北美的西部草原有我们的牛群；秘鲁运来它的白银；南非和澳大利亚的黄金则流到伦敦；印度人和中国人为我们种
6、植茶叶；而我们的咖啡、甘蔗和香料种植园则遍及印度群岛；西班牙和法国是我们的葡萄园；地中海是我们的果园；长期以来早就生长在美国南部的我们的棉花地，现在正在向地球的所有的温暖区域扩展。,Victorian key words:,Family, work, morality, money, justice, competition,The Late Victorian Period (1870-1901)But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire and the decay
7、 of the Victorian values.The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook peoples religious convictions and beliefs.,Darwins The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis
8、 of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism实用主义 was widely accepted & practiced. (Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.),Chapter II the Victorian Literature,magnitude众多 & diversity: Gr
9、eat writers and great works aboundedIt was many-sided, complex, reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought.,Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the dow
10、n-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented 空前的. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their harvest.,Victorian NovelVictorian PoetryThe Nineties/ Aestheticism,Chapter I
11、II Victorian Novels,the novel became the dominant genrePlot is unfolded against a social background“linear causation”: cause-effect sequence Tainted by the spirit of puritanism of the Victorian Age/ Moral purposethey were all concerned about the fate of the common people,While sticking to the princi
12、ple of faithful representation of the 18th-century realistic novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespr
13、ead misery, poverty & injustice.,Their truthful depiction of peoples life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Romantic fiction: picturesque, heroic than real daily lifeRealist
14、ic fiction: accurate reflection of real life,. Charles Dickens (1812-1870),the greatest representive of English critical realismBorn at Portsmouth, his father was put into the prison for debt when he was only 12Worked in underground shoe-blacking then lawyers office as a junior clerkIn 1835, became
15、a reporter, later an editor, manager,His Major Works,Upon his death, Dickens left to the world 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his nov
16、els, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery 滑稽, is his gentleness, his simple faith in mankind.,Important Works & Characters,The first periodyouthful optimist The Pickwick Papers (the supreme epic of English life): Mr. Pickwick , Sam Weller Oliver Twis
17、t (a description of the lower-depth)Nicholas Nickleby : Mr. SqueersThe Old Curiosity Shop: Trent, Nell,2) The second periodexcitement & irritationMartin Chuzzlewit: Chuzzlewit. Mr. Pecksniff A Christmas CarolDombey and Son : Dombey . Edith, CarkerDavid Copperfield (Dickenss own favourite) : Mr. Murd
18、erstone, Clara Peggotty, Steerforth , Dora, Uriah Heep,The Third PeriodHis loss of hope for English bourgeois societyBleak House: Lord ChancellorHard Times: Mr. GradgrindLittle Dorrit: William DorritA Tale of Two Cities: Dr. Manetter, Lucie, Defoarge, Charles Darnay, Sidney Carton, Mademe DefargeGre
19、at Expectations,(1) Period of youthful optimist Oliver Twist (1837-1838)The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841);(2) Period of excitement ,lively Character Sketches & Exaggeration certain peculiarities by the use of exaggerationBroad Humor & Penetrating Satire the main plot is often interwoven with more t
20、han one sub-plot so that a broader view of life may be introduced The Power of Exposure:Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem,Distinct Features of His Novels,Distinct Features of His Novels,(1) Character Sketches勾画 & Exagger
21、ationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such typical characters under typical circumstances, that they become representative of a whole group of similar persons.,As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid sketches by exaggerating som
22、e peculiarities特性, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.,(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven使生动 a scene or lighten a char
23、acter by making it (him or her) eccentric古怪, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule奚落 human follies罪恶 or vices恶性, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.,(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor p
24、lots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.,(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice.
25、 Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.,Novel,Text,Text,Text,Text,Plot,Character,Setting,Narrative,Language,Theme,1. Theme The central idea or statement about life that unifies and controls the total work Identifying the theme To avoid confusing a works theme with its subject or situa
26、tion. The statement of theme does the work full justice.,Elements of Fiction,It is fully and completely supported by the works other elements. The title of the work often suggests a particular focus or emphasis for the readers attention. 2.Plot and structure The action in fiction, the arrangement of
27、 events that make up a story,Plots turn on a conflict, or struggle between opposing forces, i.e. how one action leads into another. Structure is the design or form of the action, i.e. patterns and the shape of content. The classic pattern exposition, complication, crisis, falling action, and resolut
28、ion,Analyzing Plot What are the conflicts on which the plot turns? Are they external, internal, or some combination of the two? What are the chief episodes or incidents that make up the plot? Is its development strictly chronological, or is the chronology rearranged in some way? Compare the plots be
29、ginning and end. What essential changes have taken place?,Describe the plot in terms of its exposition, complication, crisis, falling action, and resolution. Is the plot unified? Do the individual episodes logically relate to one another? Is the ending appropriate to and consistent with the rest of
30、the plot? Is the plot plausible? What role, if any, do chance and coincidence play?,The major, or central, character of the plot is the protagonist. The opponent, the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends, is the antagonist. Flat characters are those who embody or represent a
31、single characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most a very limited number of such qualities. (type characters, one-dimensional characters),3.Character Characters are imaginary people that writers create. Concerned with being able to establish the personalities of the characters and to identify their i
32、ntellectual, emotional, and moral qualities. Concerned with the techniques to create and develop characters. Concerned with whether the characters are credible and convincing.,Round characters are just the opposite. They embody a number of qualities and traits, and are complex multi-dimensional char
33、acters of considerable intellectual and emotional depth. Most importantly, they have the capacity to grow and change.,Methods of Characterization Characterization through the use of names. Characterization through appearance. Characterization by the author. Characterization through dialogue. Charact
34、erization through action.,Analyzing Character Who is the protagonist of the work and who (or what) is the antagonist? Describe the major traits and qualities of each. What is the function of the works minor characters? Identify the characters in terms of whether they are flat or round, dynamic or st
35、atic.,What methods does the author employ to establish and reveal the characters? Are the methods primarily of showing or telling? Are the actions of the characters properly motivated and consistent? Are the characters of the work finally credible and interesting?,4. Setting Setting is both the phys
36、ical locale that frames the action and the time of day or year, the climatic conditions, and the historical period during which the action takes place.,The functions of setting: Setting as a background for action. Setting as antagonist Setting as means of creating appropriate atmosphere. Setting as
37、a means of revealing character. Setting as a means of reinforcing theme.,Analyzing setting What is the works setting in space and time? How does the author go about establishing setting? Does the author want the reader to see or feel the setting; or does the author want the reader to both see and fe
38、el it? What details of setting does the author isolate and describe?,Is the setting important? If so, what is its function? Is it used to reveal, reinforce, or influence character, plot, or theme? Is the setting an appropriate one?,5. Point of view The method of narration that determines the positio
39、n, or angle of vision from which the story is told. Commonly used points of view Third-person point of view omniscient Third-person point of view limited First-person point of view,Analyzing point of view What is the point of view; who talks to the reader? Is the point of view consistent throughout
40、the work or does it shift in some way? Where does the narrator stand in relation to the work? Where does the reader stand? To what sources of knowledge or information does the point of view give the reader access? What sources of knowledge or information does it serve to conceal?,If the work is told
41、 from the point of view of one of the characters, is the narrator reliable? Does his or her personality, character, or intellect affect an ability to interpret the events or the other characters correctly? Given the authors purposes, is the chosen point of view an appropriate and effective one? How
42、would the work be different if told from another point of view?,6. Language and style Style consists of diction (the individual words an author chooses) and syntax (the arrangement of those words), as well as such devices as rhythm and sound, allusion, ambiguity, irony, paradox, and figurative langu
43、age. Each writers style is unique. It constitutes his “signature” in a way that sets his work apart. Diction: the type and quality of the individual words that comprise an authors basic vocabulary. The denotative meaning of words,The connotative meaning; The degree of concreteness or abstractness; T
44、he degree of allusiveness; the parts of speech they represent; The length and construction; The level of usage they reflect (standard or nonstandard; formal, informal, or colloquial); The imagery they contain; The figurative devices (simile, metaphor, personification, etc,) they embody;,Syntax: The
45、ways the author arranges words into phrases, clauses, and finally whole sentences to achieve particular effects. The lengthwhether they are short, spare, and economical or long and involved; The formwhether they are simple, compound, or complex;,The construction Loose sentences that follow the norma
46、l subject-verb-object pattern, stating their main idea near the beginning in the form of an independent clausePeriodic sentences that deliberately withhold or suspend the completion of the main idea until the end of the sentence, Balanced sentences in which two similar or antithetical ideas are bala
47、nced.,David Copperfield (1849-1850),David is sent by his stepfather Mr. Murderstone to work in a warehouse and board with the Micawber family, whose host is like Dickens father, improvident and optimistic. He marries his employers daughter Dora, a pretty but empty-headed woman. She soon dies and Dav
48、id becomes a famous writer later and he finally weds Agnes, the woman he has loved all his life.,Wilkins Micawber was modeled on Dickens father, John Dickens, who also ended up in a debtors prison (the Kings Bench Prison) after failing to meet the demands of his creditors. He is continually in debt
49、and looking for “something to turn up”. The impecunious身无分文的 and loveable Micawber allows Dickens to vent some feelings about his father.,Appearance:a stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining
50、) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face. His clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing shirt-collar on. He carried a jaunty sort of a stick, with a large pair of rusty tassels to it; and a quizzing-glass hung outside his coat, - for ornament, I afterwards found, as he very seld
